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✏️ Editing: fake_os_test.py

#
# Copyright 2009 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Unit tests for fake_os.FakeOsModule."""

import errno
import os
import stat
import sys
import unittest

from pyfakefs import fake_filesystem, fake_os, fake_open, fake_file
from pyfakefs.fake_filesystem import (
    FakeFileOpen,
    is_root,
    set_uid,
    set_gid,
)
from pyfakefs.helpers import IN_DOCKER, IS_PYPY, get_uid, get_gid, reset_ids
from pyfakefs.tests.test_utils import (
    TestCase,
    RealFsTestCase,
    skip_if_symlink_not_supported,
)

class FakeOsModuleTestBase(RealFsTestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.umask = self.os.umask(0o022)

def tearDown(self):
        self.os.umask(self.umask)

def createTestFile(self, path):
        self.create_file(path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path))
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        # under Windows, the umask has no effect
        mode = 0o666 if self.is_windows_fs else 0o0644
        self.assertEqual(mode, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode))
        self.assertTrue(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFREG)
        self.assertFalse(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFDIR)

def createTestDirectory(self, path):
        self.create_dir(path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path))
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        mode = 0o777 if self.is_windows_fs else 0o755
        self.assertEqual(mode, stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode))
        self.assertFalse(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFREG)
        self.assertTrue(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFDIR)

class FakeOsModuleTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.rwx = self.os.R_OK | self.os.W_OK | self.os.X_OK
        self.rw = self.os.R_OK | self.os.W_OK

def test_chdir(self):
        """chdir should work on a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.os.chdir(directory)

def test_chdir_fails_non_exist(self):
        """chdir should raise OSError if the target does not exist."""
        directory = self.make_path("no", "such", "directory")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.chdir, directory)

def test_chdir_fails_non_directory(self):
        """chdir should raise OSError if the target is not a directory."""
        filename = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(filename)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.chdir, filename)

def test_consecutive_chdir(self):
        """Consecutive relative chdir calls should work."""
        dir1 = self.make_path("foo")
        dir2 = "bar"
        full_dirname = self.os.path.join(dir1, dir2)
        self.create_dir(full_dirname)
        self.os.chdir(dir1)
        self.os.chdir(dir2)
        # use real path to handle symlink /var to /private/var in MacOs
        self.assertEqual(
            os.path.realpath(self.os.getcwd()), os.path.realpath(full_dirname)
        )

def test_backwards_chdir(self):
        """chdir into '..' should behave appropriately."""
        # skipping real fs test - can't test root dir
        self.skip_real_fs()
        rootdir = self.os.getcwd()
        dirname = "foo"
        abs_dirname = self.os.path.abspath(dirname)
        self.filesystem.create_dir(dirname)
        self.os.chdir(dirname)
        self.assertEqual(abs_dirname, self.os.getcwd())
        self.os.chdir("..")
        self.assertEqual(rootdir, self.os.getcwd())
        self.os.chdir(self.os.path.join(dirname, ".."))
        self.assertEqual(rootdir, self.os.getcwd())

def test_get_cwd(self):
        # skipping real fs test - can't test root dir
        self.skip_real_fs()
        dirname = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(dirname)
        self.assertEqual(self.filesystem.root_dir_name, self.os.getcwd())
        self.os.chdir(dirname)
        self.assertEqual(dirname, self.os.getcwd())

def test_listdir(self):
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.listdir, "non_existing/fake_dir"
        )
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "plugh")
        files = ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
        for f in files:
            self.create_file(self.os.path.join(directory, f))
        files.sort()
        self.assertEqual(files, sorted(self.os.listdir(directory)))

def test_listdir_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        if os.listdir not in os.supports_fd:
            self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.listdir, 500)
        dir_path = self.make_path("xyzzy", "plugh")
        files = ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
        for f in files:
            self.create_file(self.os.path.join(dir_path, f))
        files.sort()

path_des = self.os.open(dir_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(files, sorted(self.os.listdir(path_des)))

def test_listdir_returns_list(self):
        directory_root = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.os.mkdir(directory_root)
        directory = self.os.path.join(directory_root, "bug")
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.create_file(self.make_path(directory, "foo"))
        self.assertEqual(["foo"], self.os.listdir(directory))

def test_listdir_on_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        files = ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
        for f in files:
            self.create_file(self.make_path(directory, f))
        self.create_symlink(self.make_path("symlink"), self.make_path("xyzzy"))
        files.sort()
        self.assertEqual(files, sorted(self.os.listdir(self.make_path("symlink"))))

def test_listdir_error(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.listdir, file_path)

def test_exists_current_dir(self):
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists("."))

def test_listdir_current(self):
        files = ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
        for f in files:
            self.create_file(self.make_path(f))
        files.sort()
        self.assertEqual(files, sorted(self.os.listdir(self.base_path)))

def test_fdopen(self):
        file_path1 = self.make_path("some_file1")
        self.create_file(file_path1, contents="contents here1")
        with self.open(file_path1, "r", encoding="utf8") as fake_file1:
            fileno = fake_file1.fileno()
            fake_file2 = self.os.fdopen(fileno, encoding="utf8")
            self.assertNotEqual(fake_file2, fake_file1)

with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            self.os.fdopen(None)
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            self.os.fdopen("a string")

def test_out_of_range_fdopen(self):
        # test some file descriptor that is clearly out of range
        kwargs = {"encoding": "utf8"}
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fdopen, 500, **kwargs)

def test_closed_file_descriptor(self):
        first_path = self.make_path("some_file1")
        second_path = self.make_path("some_file2")
        third_path = self.make_path("some_file3")
        self.create_file(first_path, contents="contents here1")
        self.create_file(second_path, contents="contents here2")
        self.create_file(third_path, contents="contents here3")

fake_file1 = self.open(first_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        fake_file2 = self.open(second_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        fake_file3 = self.open(third_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        fileno1 = fake_file1.fileno()
        fileno2 = fake_file2.fileno()
        fileno3 = fake_file3.fileno()

self.os.close(fileno2)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.close, fileno2)
        self.assertEqual(fileno1, fake_file1.fileno())
        self.assertEqual(fileno3, fake_file3.fileno())

with self.os.fdopen(fileno1, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertFalse(f is fake_file1)
        with self.os.fdopen(fileno3, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertFalse(f is fake_file3)
        kwargs = {"encoding": "utf8"}
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fdopen, fileno2, **kwargs)

def test_fdopen_twice(self):
        # regression test for #997
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="contents here1")
        fake_file = self.open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        fd = fake_file.fileno()
        # note: we need to assign the files to objects,
        # otherwise the file will be closed immediately in the CPython implementation
        # note that this case is not (and will probably not be) handled in pyfakefs
        file1 = self.open(fd, encoding="utf8")  # noqa: F841
        file2 = self.open(fd, encoding="utf8")  # noqa: F841

self.os.close(fd)

def test_open_fd_write_mode_for_ro_file(self):
        # Create a writable file handle to a read-only file, see #967
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY, 0o555)
        with self.open(fd, "w", encoding="utf8") as out:
            out.write("hey")
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            assert f.read() == "hey"
        self.os.chmod(file_path, 0o655)

def test_open_fd_read_mode_for_ro_file(self):
        # Create a read-only handle to a read-only file, see #967
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDONLY, 0x555)
        # Attempt to open a write stream to the underlying file
        out = self.open(fd, "wb")
        out.flush()  # Does not fail: The buffer is empty, so no write()

# Fails: Tries to flush a non-empty buffer
        out.write(b"a")  # file.write() may fail by an implicit flush!
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            out.flush()
        assert cm.exception.errno == errno.EBADF

# Fails: Tries to flush() again
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            out.close()
        assert cm.exception.errno == errno.EBADF

out.close()  # Okay: The file is already closed
        self.os.chmod(file_path, 0o655)

def test_fstat(self):
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="ABCDE")
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as file_obj:
            fileno = file_obj.fileno()
            self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.fstat(fileno)[stat.ST_MODE])
            self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.fstat(fileno).st_mode)
            self.assertEqual(5, self.os.fstat(fileno)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_stat(self):
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="ABCDE")
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFDIR & self.os.stat(directory)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.assertEqual(5, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_st_blocks(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"")
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo2")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"t")
        self.assertEqual(8, self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo3")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"t" * 4095)
        self.assertEqual(8, self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo4")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"t" * 4096)
        self.assertEqual(8, self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo5")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"t" * 4097)
        self.assertEqual(16, self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks)

def test_no_st_blocks_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"")
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            self.os.stat(file_path).st_blocks

def test_stat_with_unc_path(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.check_windows_only()
        directory = "//root/share/dir"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="ABCDE")
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFDIR & self.os.stat(directory)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.assertEqual(5, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_stat_with_drive(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.check_windows_only()
        directory = "C:/foo/dir"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="ABCDE")
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFDIR & self.os.stat(directory)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.assertEqual(5, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_stat_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.stat, 5)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(file_path)

with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(f.filedes)[stat.ST_MODE])

def test_stat_no_follow_symlinks_posix(self):
        """Test that stat with follow_symlinks=False behaves like lstat."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(file_contents),
            self.os.stat(file_path, follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(base_name),
            self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE],
        )

def test_stat_no_follow_symlinks_windows(self):
        """Test that stat with follow_symlinks=False behaves like lstat."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(file_contents),
            self.os.stat(file_path, follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            0, self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE]
        )

def test_lstat_size_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(len(file_contents), self.os.lstat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(len(base_name), self.os.lstat(link_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_lstat_size_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(len(file_contents), self.os.lstat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.lstat(link_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_lstat_trailing_sep(self):
        # regression test for #342
        stat_result = self.os.lstat(self.base_path)
        self.assertEqual(
            stat_result, self.os.lstat(self.base_path + self.path_separator())
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            stat_result,
            self.os.lstat(
                self.base_path + self.path_separator() + self.path_separator()
            ),
        )

def test_stat_with_byte_string(self):
        stat_str = self.os.stat(self.base_path)
        base_path_bytes = self.base_path.encode("utf8")
        stat_bytes = self.os.stat(base_path_bytes)
        self.assertEqual(stat_bytes, stat_str)

def test_lstat_with_byte_string(self):
        stat_str = self.os.lstat(self.base_path)
        base_path_bytes = self.base_path.encode("utf8")
        stat_bytes = self.os.lstat(base_path_bytes)
        self.assertEqual(stat_bytes, stat_str)

def test_stat_with_current_dir(self):
        # regression test for #516
        stat_result = self.os.stat(".")
        lstat_result = self.os.lstat(".")
        self.assertEqual(stat_result, lstat_result)

def test_exists_with_trailing_sep(self):
        # regression test for #364
        file_path = self.make_path("alpha")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_mkdir_with_trailing_sep(self):
        # regression test for #367
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path + self.os.sep + self.os.sep)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def test_readlink_empty_path(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.readlink, "")

def test_readlink_ending_with_sep_posix(self):
        # regression test for #359
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EINVAL, self.os.readlink, link_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_lstat_symlink_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        # regression test for #366
        self.check_linux_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        # used to raise
        self.assertTrue(self.os.lstat(link_path + self.os.sep).st_mode)

def test_lstat_symlink_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        # regression test for #366
        self.check_macos_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        # used to raise
        self.assertTrue(self.os.lstat(link_path + self.os.sep).st_mode)

def test_readlink_ending_with_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assert_equal_paths(
            self.base_path, self.os.readlink(link_path + self.os.sep)
        )

def test_islink_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.islink(link_path + self.os.path.sep))

def test_islink_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.islink(link_path + self.os.sep))

def test_islink_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.islink(link_path + self.os.sep))

def test_getsize_raises_with_trailing_separator(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.path.getsize, file_path + self.os.sep
        )

def check_remove_link_ending_with_sep(self, error_nr):
        # regression test for #360
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_nr, self.os.remove, link_path + self.os.sep)

def test_remove_link_ending_with_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.check_remove_link_ending_with_sep(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_remove_link_ending_with_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_remove_link_ending_with_sep(errno.EPERM)

def test_remove_link_ending_with_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_remove_link_ending_with_sep(errno.EACCES)

def test_lstat_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        if os.lstat not in os.supports_fd:
            self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.lstat, 5)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.make_path("foo", "link")
        file_contents = b"contents"
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, file_path)

with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual(len(file_contents), self.os.lstat(f.filedes)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_stat_non_existent_file(self):
        # set up
        file_path = self.make_path("non", "existent", "file")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        # actual tests
        try:
            # Use try-catch to check exception attributes.
            self.os.stat(file_path)
            self.fail("Exception is expected.")  # COV_NF_LINE
        except OSError as os_error:
            self.assertEqual(errno.ENOENT, os_error.errno)
            self.assertEqual(file_path, os_error.filename)

def check_open_raises_with_trailing_separator(self, error_nr):
        file_path = self.make_path("bar") + self.os.sep
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            error_nr,
            self.os.open,
            file_path,
            os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC,
        )

def test_open_raises_with_trailing_separator_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.check_open_raises_with_trailing_separator(errno.EISDIR)

def test_open_raises_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_open_raises_with_trailing_separator(errno.ENOENT)

def test_open_raises_with_trailing_separator_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_open_raises_with_trailing_separator(errno.EINVAL)

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "O_DIRECTORY"), "opening directory not supported")
    def test_open_with_o_directory(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
            self.os.open("bogus", os.O_RDONLY | os.O_DIRECTORY)
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="foo")
        with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError):
            self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_DIRECTORY)
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        with self.assertRaises(IsADirectoryError):
            self.os.open(dir_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_DIRECTORY)

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"), "NOFOLLOW attribute not supported")
    def test_open_nofollow_symlink_raises(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="foo")
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, file_path)
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.open(link_path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOFOLLOW)
        assert cm.exception.errno == errno.ELOOP

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"), "NOFOLLOW attribute not supported")
    def test_open_nofollow_symlink_as_parent_works(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, dir_path)
        file_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="foo")
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOFOLLOW)
        self.assertGreater(fd, 0)
        self.os.close(fd)

def test_lexists_with_trailing_separator_linux_windows(self):
        self.check_linux_and_windows()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.lexists(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_lexists_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        # regression test for #373
        self.check_macos_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_islink_with_trailing_separator_linux_windows(self):
        self.check_linux_and_windows()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.islink(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_islink_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        # regression test for #373
        self.check_macos_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.islink(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_isfile_with_trailing_separator_linux_windows(self):
        self.check_linux_and_windows()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.isfile(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_isfile_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        # regression test for #374
        self.check_macos_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.isfile(file_path + self.os.sep))

def test_isfile_not_readable_file(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path, perm=0)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.isfile(file_path))

def test_stat_with_trailing_separator(self):
        # regression test for #376
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.stat, file_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_remove_with_trailing_separator(self):
        # regression test for #377
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.remove, file_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_readlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        target = self.make_path("tarJAY")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, target)
        self.assert_equal_paths(self.os.readlink(link_path), target)

def check_readlink_raises_if_path_is_not_a_link(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "eleventyone")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EINVAL, self.os.readlink, file_path)

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_is_not_a_link_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_is_not_a_link()

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_is_not_a_link_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_is_not_a_link()

def check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(self, error_subtype):
        self.create_file(self.make_path("a_file"))
        file_path = self.make_path("a_file", "foo")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_subtype, self.os.readlink, file_path)
        file_path = self.make_path("a_file", "foo", "bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_subtype, self.os.readlink, file_path)

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(errno.ENOENT)

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_does_not_exist(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.readlink, "/this/path/does/not/exist"
        )

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_is_none(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            self.os.readlink(None)

def test_broken_symlink_with_trailing_separator_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.symlink,
            link_path + self.os.sep,
            link_path + self.os.sep,
        )

def test_broken_symlink_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        # regression test for #371
        self.check_macos_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.os.symlink(link_path + self.os.sep, link_path + self.os.sep)

def test_broken_symlink_with_trailing_separator_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR,
            self.os.symlink,
            link_path + self.os.sep,
            link_path + self.os.sep,
        )

def test_circular_readlink_with_trailing_separator_linux(self):
        # Regression test for #372
        self.check_linux_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ELOOP, self.os.readlink, file_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_circular_readlink_with_trailing_separator_macos(self):
        # Regression test for #372
        self.check_macos_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.os.readlink(file_path + self.os.sep)

def test_circular_readlink_with_trailing_separator_windows(self):
        # Regression test for #372
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.readlink, file_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_readlink_with_links_in_path(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("meyer", "lemon", "pie"), self.make_path("yum")
        )
        self.create_symlink(self.make_path("geo", "metro"), self.make_path("meyer"))
        self.assert_equal_paths(
            self.make_path("yum"),
            self.os.readlink(self.make_path("geo", "metro", "lemon", "pie")),
        )

def test_readlink_with_chained_links_in_path(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("eastern", "european", "wolfhounds", "chase"),
            self.make_path("cats"),
        )
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("russian"), self.make_path("eastern", "european")
        )
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("dogs"), self.make_path("russian", "wolfhounds")
        )
        self.assert_equal_paths(
            self.make_path("cats"),
            self.os.readlink(self.make_path("dogs", "chase")),
        )

def check_remove_dir(self, dir_error):
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(dir_error, self.os.remove, dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.os.chdir(directory)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(dir_error, self.os.remove, dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.remove, "/plugh")

def test_remove_dir_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.check_remove_dir(errno.EISDIR)

def test_remove_dir_mac_os(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_remove_dir(errno.EPERM)

def test_remove_dir_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_remove_dir(errno.EACCES)

def test_remove_dir_with_drive(self):
        # regression test for issue #337
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        dir_path = self.os.path.join("C:", "test")
        self.filesystem.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, dir_path)

def test_remove_file(self):
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.os.remove(file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_remove_file_no_directory(self):
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        file_name = "plugh"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, file_name)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.os.chdir(directory)
        self.os.remove(file_name)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_remove_file_with_read_permission_raises_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.skip_root()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o444)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o666)

def test_remove_file_with_read_permission_shall_succeed_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o444)
        self.os.remove(path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_file_without_parent_permission_raises_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        parent_dir = self.make_path("foo")
        path = self.os.path.join(parent_dir, "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        self.os.chmod(parent_dir, 0o666)  # missing execute permission
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, path)
        else:
            self.os.remove(path)
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))
            self.create_file(path)
        self.os.chmod(parent_dir, 0o555)  # missing write permission
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, path)
        else:
            self.os.remove(path)
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))
            self.create_file(path)
        self.os.chmod(parent_dir, 0o333)
        self.os.remove(path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_open_file_fails_under_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        with self.open(path, "r", encoding="utf8"):
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_open_file_possible_under_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        self.open(path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        self.os.remove(path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_file_relative_path(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        original_dir = self.os.getcwd()
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        subdirectory = self.os.path.join(directory, "zzy")
        file_name = "plugh"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, file_name)
        file_path_relative = self.os.path.join("..", file_name)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.create_dir(subdirectory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(subdirectory))
        self.os.chdir(subdirectory)
        self.os.remove(file_path_relative)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path_relative))
        self.os.chdir(original_dir)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def check_remove_dir_raises_error(self, dir_error):
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(dir_error, self.os.remove, directory)

def test_remove_dir_raises_error_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.check_remove_dir_raises_error(errno.EISDIR)

def test_remove_dir_raises_error_mac_os(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_remove_dir_raises_error(errno.EPERM)

def test_remove_dir_raises_error_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_remove_dir_raises_error(errno.EACCES)

def test_remove_symlink_to_dir(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        link = self.make_path("link_to_dir")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.os.symlink(directory, link)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link))
        self.os.remove(link)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link))

def test_unlink_raises_if_not_exist(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file", "does", "not", "exist")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.unlink, file_path)

def test_rename_to_nonexistent_file(self):
        """Can rename a file to an unused name."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.os.rename(old_file_path, new_file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(new_file_path, "test contents")

def test_rename_dir_to_symlink_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        link_target = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link_target")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(link_target, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, dir_path, link_path)

def test_rename_dir_to_symlink_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        link_target = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link_target")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(link_target, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.rename, dir_path, link_path)

def test_rename_file_to_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("file_link")
        file_path = self.make_path("file")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path, link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.isfile(link_path))

def test_rename_symlink_to_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        link_path1 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link1")
        link_path2 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link2")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path1)
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path2)
        self.os.rename(link_path1, link_path2)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path1))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path2))

def test_rename_symlink_to_symlink_for_parent_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_link = self.make_path("dir_link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        dir_in_dir_path = self.os.path.join(dir_link, "inner_dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, dir_link)
        self.create_dir(dir_in_dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EINVAL, self.os.rename, dir_path, dir_in_dir_path
        )

def check_rename_case_with_symlink(self, result):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_case_insensitive_fs()
        dir_path_lower = self.make_path("beta")
        self.create_dir(dir_path_lower)
        link_path = self.make_path("b")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        path1 = self.os.path.join(link_path, "Beta")
        dir_path_upper = self.make_path("Beta")
        self.os.rename(path1, dir_path_upper)
        self.assertEqual(result, sorted(self.os.listdir(self.base_path)))

def test_rename_case_with_symlink_mac(self):
        # Regression test for #322
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_rename_case_with_symlink(["b", "beta"])

def test_rename_case_with_symlink_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_rename_case_with_symlink(["Beta", "b"])

def test_recursive_rename_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        new_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "new_dir")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EINVAL, self.os.rename, base_path, new_path)

def test_rename_file_to_parent_dir_file(self):
        # Regression test for issue 230
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        file_path = self.make_path("old_file")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "new_file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path, new_file_path)

def test_rename_with_target_parent_file_raises_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, file_path, file_path + "/new"
        )

def test_rename_with_target_parent_file_raises_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EINVAL,
            self.os.rename,
            file_path,
            self.os.path.join(file_path, "new"),
        )

def test_rename_symlink_to_source(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.os.rename(link_path, file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_rename_symlink_to_dir_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir_link")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.rename, link_path, dir_path)

def test_rename_broken_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "file")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.os.rename(link_path, file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_rename_directory(self):
        """Can rename a directory to an unused name."""
        for old_path, new_path in [("wxyyw", "xyzzy"), ("abccb", "cdeed")]:
            old_path = self.make_path(old_path)
            new_path = self.make_path(new_path)
            self.create_file(self.os.path.join(old_path, "plugh"), contents="test")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_path))
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
            self.os.rename(old_path, new_path)
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
            self.check_contents(self.os.path.join(new_path, "plugh"), "test")
            if not self.use_real_fs():
                self.assertEqual(3, self.filesystem.get_object(new_path).st_nlink)

def check_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises(self, error_nr):
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        file_path = self.make_path("file")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_nr, self.os.rename, dir_path, file_path)

def test_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises(errno.EEXIST)

def test_rename_to_existing_directory_should_raise_under_windows(self):
        """Renaming to an existing directory raises OSError under Windows."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        old_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        new_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_dir(old_path)
        self.create_dir(new_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.rename, old_path, new_path)

def test_rename_to_a_hardlink_of_same_file_should_do_nothing(self):
        self.skip_real_fs_failure(skip_posix=False)
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("dir", "file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.link(file_path, link_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path, link_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_hardlink_works_with_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        symlink_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, symlink_path)
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink", "beta")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink", "gamma")
        self.os.link(file_path, link_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.islink(link_path))

def test_replace_existing_directory_should_raise_under_windows(self):
        """Renaming to an existing directory raises OSError under Windows."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        old_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        new_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_dir(old_path)
        self.create_dir(new_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.replace, old_path, new_path)

def test_rename_to_existing_directory_under_posix(self):
        """Renaming to an existing directory changes the existing directory
        under Posix."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        old_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        new_path = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.create_dir(self.os.path.join(old_path, "sub"))
        self.create_dir(new_path)
        self.os.rename(old_path, new_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.path.join(new_path, "sub")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))

def test_rename_file_to_existing_directory_raises_under_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        new_path = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.create_dir(new_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.rename, file_path, new_path)

def test_rename_to_existing_dir_under_posix_raises_if_not_empty(self):
        """Renaming to an existing directory changes the existing directory
        under Posix."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        old_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        new_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_dir(self.os.path.join(old_path, "sub"))
        self.create_dir(self.os.path.join(new_path, "sub"))

# not testing specific subtype:
        # raises errno.ENOTEMPTY under Ubuntu 16.04, MacOS and pyfakefs
        # but raises errno.EEXIST at least under Ubunto 14.04
        with self.assertRaises(OSError):
            self.os.rename(old_path, new_path)

def test_rename_to_another_device_should_raise(self):
        """Renaming to another filesystem device raises OSError."""
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.filesystem.add_mount_point("/mount")
        old_path = "/foo/bar"
        new_path = "/mount/bar"
        self.filesystem.create_file(old_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EXDEV, self.os.rename, old_path, new_path)

def test_rename_to_existent_file_posix(self):
        """Can rename a file to a used name under Unix."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.os.rename(old_file_path, new_file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(new_file_path, "test contents 1")

def test_rename_to_existent_file_windows(self):
        """Renaming a file to a used name raises OSError under Windows."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST, self.os.rename, old_file_path, new_file_path
        )

def test_replace_to_existent_file(self):
        """Replaces an existing file (does not work with `rename()` under
        Windows)."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.os.replace(old_file_path, new_file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(new_file_path, "test contents 1")

def test_rename_to_nonexistent_dir(self):
        """Can rename a file to a name in a nonexistent dir."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "no_such_path", "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.rename, old_file_path, new_file_path
        )
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(old_file_path, "test contents")

def test_rename_nonexistent_file_should_raise_error(self):
        """Can't rename a file that doesn't exist."""
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT,
            self.os.rename,
            "nonexistent-foo",
            "doesn't-matter-bar",
        )

def test_rename_empty_dir(self):
        """Test a rename of an empty directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        before_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "empty")
        after_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "unused")
        self.create_dir(before_dir)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.path.join(before_dir, ".")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(after_dir))
        self.os.rename(before_dir, after_dir)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(before_dir))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.path.join(after_dir, ".")))

def test_rename_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path)
        file_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "file")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "new")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path, new_file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))

def check_append_mode_tell_after_truncate(self, tell_result):
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        with self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8") as f0:
            with self.open(file_path, "a", encoding="utf8") as f1:
                f1.write("abcde")
                f0.seek(2)
                f0.truncate()
                self.assertEqual(tell_result, f1.tell())
        with self.open(file_path, mode="rb") as f:
            self.assertEqual(b"\0\0abcde", f.read())

def test_append_mode_tell_linux_windows(self):
        # Regression test for #300
        self.check_linux_and_windows()
        self.check_append_mode_tell_after_truncate(7)

def test_append_mode_tell_macos(self):
        # Regression test for #300
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_append_mode_tell_after_truncate(7)

def test_tell_after_seek_in_append_mode(self):
        # Regression test for #363
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        with self.open(file_path, "a", encoding="utf8") as f:
            f.seek(1)
            self.assertEqual(1, f.tell())

def test_tell_after_seekback_in_append_mode(self):
        # Regression test for #414
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        with self.open(file_path, "a", encoding="utf8") as f:
            f.write("aa")
            f.seek(1)
            self.assertEqual(1, f.tell())

def test_dir_with_trailing_sep_is_dir(self):
        # regression test for #387
        self.assertTrue(self, self.os.path.isdir(self.base_path + self.os.sep))

def check_rename_dir_with_trailing_sep(self, error):
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir") + self.os.sep
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error, self.os.rename, dir_path, self.base_path)

def test_rename_dir_with_trailing_sep_posix(self):
        # regression test for #406
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_rename_dir_with_trailing_sep(errno.ENOTEMPTY)

def test_rename_dir_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_rename_dir_with_trailing_sep(errno.EEXIST)

def test_rename_dir(self):
        """Test a rename of a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        before_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "before")
        before_file = self.os.path.join(directory, "before", "file")
        after_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "after")
        after_file = self.os.path.join(directory, "after", "file")
        self.create_dir(before_dir)
        self.create_file(before_file, contents="payload")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(before_dir))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(before_file))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(after_dir))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(after_file))
        self.os.rename(before_dir, after_dir)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(before_dir))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(before_file))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(after_dir))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(after_file))
        self.check_contents(after_file, "payload")

def test_rename_preserves_stat(self):
        """Test if rename preserves mtime."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path)
        old_file = self.filesystem.get_object(old_file_path)
        old_file.st_mtime = old_file.st_mtime - 3600
        self.os.chown(old_file_path, 200, 200)
        self.os.chmod(old_file_path, 0o222)
        self.create_file(new_file_path)
        new_file = self.filesystem.get_object(new_file_path)
        self.assertNotEqual(new_file.st_mtime, old_file.st_mtime)
        self.os.rename(old_file_path, new_file_path)
        new_file = self.filesystem.get_object(new_file_path)
        self.assertEqual(new_file.st_mtime, old_file.st_mtime)
        self.assertEqual(new_file.st_mode, old_file.st_mode)
        self.assertEqual(new_file.st_uid, old_file.st_uid)
        self.assertEqual(new_file.st_gid, old_file.st_gid)

def test_rename_same_filenames(self):
        """Test renaming when old and new names are the same."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_contents = "Spam eggs"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "eggs")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.os.rename(file_path, file_path)
        self.check_contents(file_path, file_contents)

def test_rmdir(self):
        """Can remove a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        sub_dir = self.make_path("xyzzy", "abccd")
        other_dir = self.make_path("xyzzy", "cdeed")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.os.rmdir(directory)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.create_dir(sub_dir)
        self.create_dir(other_dir)
        self.os.chdir(sub_dir)
        self.os.rmdir("../cdeed")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(other_dir))
        self.os.chdir("..")
        self.os.rmdir("abccd")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(sub_dir))

def test_rmdir_raises_if_not_empty(self):
        """Raises an exception if the target directory is not empty."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTEMPTY, self.os.rmdir, directory)

def check_rmdir_raises_if_not_directory(self, error_nr):
        """Raises an exception if the target is not a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rmdir, file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_nr, self.os.rmdir, ".")

def test_rmdir_raises_if_not_directory_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_rmdir_raises_if_not_directory(errno.EINVAL)

def test_rmdir_raises_if_not_directory_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_rmdir_raises_if_not_directory(errno.EACCES)

def test_rmdir_raises_if_not_exist(self):
        """Raises an exception if the target does not exist."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.rmdir, directory)

def test_rmdir_via_symlink(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "alpha")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "beta")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path)
        self.os.rmdir(link_path + "/alpha")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def remove_dirs_check(self, directory):
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.os.removedirs(directory)
        return not self.os.path.exists(directory)

def test_removedirs(self):
        # no exception raised
        self.skip_real_fs()
        data = [
            "test1",
            ("test1", "test2"),
            ("test1", "extra"),
            ("test1", "test2", "test3"),
        ]
        for directory in data:
            self.create_dir(self.make_path(directory))
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path(directory)))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTEMPTY, self.remove_dirs_check, self.make_path(data[0])
        )
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTEMPTY, self.remove_dirs_check, self.make_path(data[1])
        )

self.assertTrue(self.remove_dirs_check(self.make_path(data[3])))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path(data[0])))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path(data[1])))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path(data[2])))

# Should raise because '/test1/extra' is all that is left, and
        # removedirs('/test1/extra') will eventually try to rmdir('/').
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EBUSY, self.remove_dirs_check, self.make_path(data[2])
        )

# However, it will still delete '/test1') in the process.
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path(data[0])))

self.create_dir(self.make_path("test1", "test2"))
        # Add this to the root directory to avoid raising an exception.
        self.filesystem.create_dir(self.make_path("test3"))
        self.assertTrue(self.remove_dirs_check(self.make_path("test1", "test2")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path("test1", "test2")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path("test1")))

def test_removedirs_raises_if_removing_root(self):
        """Raises exception if asked to remove '/'."""
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.os.rmdir(self.base_path)
        directory = self.os.path.splitdrive(self.base_path)[0] + self.os.path.sep
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBUSY, self.os.removedirs, directory)

def test_removedirs_raises_if_cascade_removing_root(self):
        """Raises exception if asked to remove '/' as part of a
        larger operation.

All of other directories should still be removed, though.
        """
        self.skip_real_fs()
        directory = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBUSY, self.os.removedirs, directory)
        head, unused_tail = self.os.path.split(directory)
        while self.os.path.splitdrive(head)[1] != self.os.path.sep:
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))
            head, unused_tail = self.os.path.split(head)

def test_removedirs_with_trailing_slash(self):
        """removedirs works on directory names with trailing slashes."""
        # separate this case from the removing-root-directory case
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("baz"))
        directory = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.os.removedirs(directory)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def test_remove_dirs_with_top_symlink_fails(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        dir_link = self.make_path("dir_link")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, dir_link)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.removedirs, dir_link)

def test_remove_dirs_with_non_top_symlink_succeeds(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        dir_link = self.make_path("dir_link")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, dir_link)
        dir_in_dir = self.os.path.join(dir_link, "dir2")
        self.create_dir(dir_in_dir)
        self.os.removedirs(dir_in_dir)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_in_dir))
        # ensure that the symlink is not removed
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_link))

def test_mkdir(self):
        """mkdir can create a relative directory."""
        self.skip_real_fs()
        directory = "xyzzy"
        self.assertFalse(self.filesystem.exists(directory))
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.filesystem.exists("/%s" % directory))
        self.os.chdir(directory)
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.filesystem.exists(f"/{directory}/{directory}"))
        self.os.chdir(directory)
        self.os.mkdir("../abccb")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists("/%s/abccb" % directory))

def test_mkdir_with_trailing_slash(self):
        """mkdir can create a directory named with a trailing slash."""
        directory = self.make_path("foo")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.make_path("foo")))

def test_mkdir_raises_if_empty_directory_name(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if creating directory named ''."""
        directory = ""
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_if_no_parent(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if parent directory does not exist."""
        parent = "xyzzy"
        directory = f"{parent}/foo"
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(parent))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_on_symlink_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link_to_dir")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rmdir, link_path)

def test_mkdir_removes_symlink_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link_to_dir")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.os.rmdir(link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def test_mkdir_raises_if_directory_exists(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if directory already exists."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_if_file_exists(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if name already exists as a file."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, file_path)

def check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(self, error_type):
        """mkdir raises exception if name already exists as a file."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            error_type, self.os.mkdir, self.os.path.join(file_path, "ff")
        )

def test_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOENT)

def test_mkdir_raises_with_slash_dot_posix(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if mkdir foo/. (trailing /.)."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, self.os.sep + ".")
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", ".")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy"))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_with_slash_dot_windows(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if mkdir foo/. (trailing /.)."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.mkdir, self.os.sep + ".")
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", ".")
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy"))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_with_double_dots_posix(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if mkdir foo/foo2/../foo3."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, self.os.sep + "..")
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1", "dir2", "..", "..", "dir3")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy"))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1"))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1", "dir2"))
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1", "..")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_with_double_dots_windows(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if mkdir foo/foo2/../foo3."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.mkdir, self.os.sep + "..")
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1", "dir2", "..", "..", "dir3")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("xyzzy"))
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "dir1", "..")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, directory)

def test_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_read_only(self):
        """mkdir raises exception if parent is read only."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("a")
        self.os.mkdir(directory)

# Change directory permissions to be read only.
        self.os.chmod(directory, 0o400)

directory = self.make_path("a", "b")
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.mkdir, directory)
        else:
            self.os.mkdir(directory)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def test_mkdir_with_with_symlink_parent(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("foo", "link")
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        new_dir = self.os.path.join(link_path, "new_dir")
        self.os.mkdir(new_dir)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_dir))

def test_makedirs(self):
        """makedirs can create a directory even if parent does not exist."""
        parent = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        directory = self.os.path.join(parent, "foo")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(parent))
        self.os.makedirs(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def check_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file(self, error_type):
        """makedirs raises exception if a parent component exists as a file."""
        file_path = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        directory = self.os.path.join(file_path, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_type, self.os.makedirs, directory)

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOENT)

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_broken_link(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("broken_link")
        self.os.symlink(self.make_path("bogus"), link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT,
            self.os.makedirs,
            self.os.path.join(link_path, "newdir"),
        )

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_looping_link(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        link_target = self.os.path.join(link_path, "link")
        self.os.symlink(link_target, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.makedirs, link_path)

def test_makedirs_if_parent_is_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_dir = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(base_dir)
        link_dir = self.os.path.join(base_dir, "linked")
        self.os.symlink(base_dir, link_dir)
        new_dir = self.os.path.join(link_dir, "f")
        self.os.makedirs(name=new_dir)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_dir))

def test_makedirs_raises_if_access_denied(self):
        """makedirs raises exception if access denied."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("a")
        self.os.mkdir(directory)

# Change directory permissions to be read only.
        self.os.chmod(directory, 0o400)

directory = self.make_path("a", "b")
        if not is_root():
            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
                self.os.makedirs(directory)
        else:
            self.os.makedirs(directory)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def test_makedirs_exist_ok(self):
        """makedirs uses the exist_ok argument"""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "foo")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.makedirs, directory)
        self.os.makedirs(directory, exist_ok=True)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def test_makedirs_in_write_protected_dir(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.mkdir(directory, mode=0o555)
        subdir = self.os.path.join(directory, "bar")
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(
                errno.EACCES, self.os.makedirs, subdir, exist_ok=True
            )
            self.assert_raises_os_error(
                errno.EACCES, self.os.makedirs, subdir, exist_ok=False
            )
        else:
            self.os.makedirs(subdir)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(subdir))

def test_makedirs_raises_on_empty_path(self):
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.makedirs, "", exist_ok=False)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.makedirs, "", exist_ok=True)

def test_makedirs_with_relative_paths(self):
        # regression test for #987
        path = self.make_path("base", "foo", "..", "bar")
        self.os.makedirs(path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.isdir(self.make_path("base", "bar")))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.isdir(self.make_path("base", "foo")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.isdir(self.make_path("base", "foo", "bar")))

# test fsync and fdatasync
    def test_fsync_raises_on_non_int(self):
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            self.os.fsync("zero")

def test_fdatasync_raises_on_non_int(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.fdatasync, "zero")

def test_fsync_raises_on_invalid_fd(self):
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fsync, 500)

def test_fdatasync_raises_on_invalid_fd(self):
        # No open files yet
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EINVAL, self.os.fdatasync, 0)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fdatasync, 500)

def test_fsync_pass_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        test_file_path = self.make_path("test_file")
        self.create_file(test_file_path, contents="dummy file contents")
        with self.open(test_file_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as test_file:
            test_fd = test_file.fileno()
            # Test that this doesn't raise anything
            self.os.fsync(test_fd)
            # And just for sanity, double-check that this still raises
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fsync, test_fd + 500)

def test_fsync_pass_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        test_file_path = self.make_path("test_file")
        self.create_file(test_file_path, contents="dummy file contents")
        with self.open(test_file_path, "r+", encoding="utf8") as test_file:
            test_fd = test_file.fileno()
            # Test that this doesn't raise anything
            self.os.fsync(test_fd)
            # And just for sanity, double-check that this still raises
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fsync, test_fd + 500)
        with self.open(test_file_path, "r", encoding="utf8") as test_file:
            test_fd = test_file.fileno()
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fsync, test_fd)

def test_fdatasync_pass(self):
        # setup
        self.check_linux_only()
        test_file_path = self.make_path("test_file")
        self.create_file(test_file_path, contents="dummy file contents")
        test_file = self.open(test_file_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        test_fd = test_file.fileno()
        # Test that this doesn't raise anything
        self.os.fdatasync(test_fd)
        # And just for sanity, double-check that this still raises
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fdatasync, test_fd + 500)

def test_access700(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o700)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o700, self.os.stat(path).st_mode)
        # actual tests
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.R_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.W_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.X_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.rwx))

def test_access600(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o600)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o600, self.os.stat(path).st_mode)
        # actual tests
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.R_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.W_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.X_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.rwx))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.rw))

def test_access400(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o400)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o400, self.os.stat(path).st_mode)
        # actual tests
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.R_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.X_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.rwx))
        if is_root():
            self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.os.W_OK))
            self.assertTrue(self.os.access(path, self.rw))
        else:
            self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.W_OK))
            self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.rw))

def test_access_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, path)
        self.os.chmod(link_path, 0o400)

# test file
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(link_path, self.os.F_OK))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.access(link_path, self.os.R_OK))
        if is_root():
            self.assertTrue(self.os.access(link_path, self.os.W_OK))
            self.assertTrue(self.os.access(link_path, self.rw))
        else:
            self.assertFalse(self.os.access(link_path, self.os.W_OK))
            self.assertFalse(self.os.access(link_path, self.rw))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(link_path, self.os.X_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(link_path, self.rwx))

# test link itself (default under Windows, follow_symlinks not supported)
        follow_symlinks = None if self.is_windows_fs else False
        self.assertTrue(
            self.os.access(link_path, self.os.F_OK, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            self.os.access(link_path, self.os.R_OK, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
        )
        self.assertTrue(
            self.os.access(link_path, self.os.W_OK, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
        )
        if not self.is_windows_fs:
            self.assertTrue(
                self.os.access(link_path, self.os.X_OK, follow_symlinks=False)
            )
            self.assertTrue(self.os.access(link_path, self.rwx, follow_symlinks=False))
        self.assertTrue(
            self.os.access(link_path, self.rw, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
        )

def test_access_non_existent_file(self):
        # set up
        path = self.make_path("non", "existent", "file")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))
        # actual tests
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.R_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.W_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.os.X_OK))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.rwx))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.access(path, self.rw))

def test_arguments_not_supported_under_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
            self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK, effective_ids=True)
        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
            self.os.access(path, self.os.F_OK, follow_symlinks=False)

def test_chmod(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o6543)
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o6543, st.st_mode)
        self.assertTrue(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFREG)
        self.assertFalse(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFDIR)

def test_chmod_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
            self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.chmod, 5, 0o6543)
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)

with self.open(path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            st = self.os.stat(f.fileno())
            # use a mode that will work under Windows
            self.os.chmod(f.filedes, 0o444)
            st = self.os.stat(path)
            self.assert_mode_equal(0o444, st.st_mode)
            # fchmod should work the same way
            self.os.fchmod(f.filedes, 0o666)
            st = self.os.stat(path)
            self.assert_mode_equal(0o666, st.st_mode)

@unittest.skipIf(
        sys.version_info >= (3, 13), "also available under Windows since Python 3.13"
    )
    def test_chmod_uses_open_fd_as_path_not_available_under_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        with self.open(path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                self.os.chmod(f.fileno(), 0o666)
            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                self.os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o666)

def test_chmod_follow_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, path)
        self.os.chmod(link_path, 0o6543)

st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o6543, st.st_mode)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        # the exact mode depends on OS and Python version
        self.assertEqual(stat.S_IMODE(0o700), stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) & 0o700)

def test_chmod_no_follow_symlink(self):
        if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
            self.check_posix_only()
        else:
            skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, path)
        if self.os.chmod not in self.os.supports_follow_symlinks or IS_PYPY:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                self.os.chmod(link_path, 0o6543, follow_symlinks=False)
        else:
            self.os.chmod(link_path, 0o6543, follow_symlinks=False)
            st = self.os.stat(link_path)
            mode = 0o644 if self.is_macos else 0o666
            self.assert_mode_equal(mode, st.st_mode)
            st = self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
            mode = 0o444 if self.is_windows_fs else 0o6543
            self.assert_mode_equal(mode, st.st_mode)

def test_lchmod(self):
        """lchmod shall behave like chmod with follow_symlinks=True."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, path)
        self.os.lchmod(link_path, 0o6543)

st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o644, st.st_mode)
        st = self.os.lstat(link_path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o6543, st.st_mode)

def test_chmod_dir(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_dir")
        self.createTestDirectory(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.chmod(path, 0o1434)
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o1434, st.st_mode)
        self.assertFalse(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFREG)
        self.assertTrue(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFDIR)

def test_chmod_non_existent(self):
        # set up
        path = self.make_path("non", "existent", "file")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))
        # actual tests
        try:
            # Use try-catch to check exception attributes.
            self.os.chmod(path, 0o777)
            self.fail("Exception is expected.")  # COV_NF_LINE
        except OSError as os_error:
            self.assertEqual(errno.ENOENT, os_error.errno)
            self.assertEqual(path, os_error.filename)

def test_chown_existing_file(self):
        # set up
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        # first set it make sure it's set
        self.os.chown(file_path, 100, 101)
        st = self.os.stat(file_path)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 101)
        # we can make sure it changed
        self.os.chown(file_path, 200, 201)
        st = self.os.stat(file_path)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 200)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 201)
        # setting a value to -1 leaves it unchanged
        self.os.chown(file_path, -1, -1)
        st = self.os.stat(file_path)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 200)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 201)

def test_chown_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.chown, 5, 100, 101)
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(file_path)

with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.os.chown(f.filedes, 100, 101)
            st = self.os.stat(file_path)
            self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)

def test_chown_follow_symlink(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, file_path)

self.os.chown(link_path, 100, 101)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 101)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        self.assertNotEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)
        self.assertNotEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 101)

def test_chown_no_follow_symlink(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_some_file")
        self.create_symlink(link_path, file_path)

self.os.chown(link_path, 100, 101, follow_symlinks=False)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assertNotEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)
        self.assertNotEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 101)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_UID], 100)
        self.assertEqual(st[stat.ST_GID], 101)

def test_chown_bad_arguments(self):
        """os.chown() with bad args (Issue #30)"""
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.chown, file_path, "username", -1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.chown, file_path, -1, "groupname")

def test_chown_nonexisting_file_should_raise_os_error(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.chown, file_path, 100, 100)

def test_fail_add_entry_to_readonly_dir(self):
        # regression test for #959
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()  # cannot change owner to root
        if is_root():
            self.skipTest("Non-root test only")

# create directory owned by root with permissions 0o755 (rwxr-xr-x)
        ro_dir = self.make_path("readonly-dir")
        self.create_dir(ro_dir, perm=0o755)
        self.os.chown(ro_dir, 0, 0)

# adding a new entry to the readonly subdirectory should fail
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            with self.open(f"{ro_dir}/file.txt", "w", encoding="utf8"):
                pass
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            self.os.link(file_path, self.os.path.join(ro_dir, "file.txt"))

def test_classify_directory_contents(self):
        """Directory classification should work correctly."""
        root_directory = self.make_path("foo")
        test_directories = ["bar1", "baz2"]
        test_files = ["baz1", "bar2", "baz3"]
        self.create_dir(root_directory)
        for directory in test_directories:
            directory = self.os.path.join(root_directory, directory)
            self.create_dir(directory)
        for test_file in test_files:
            test_file = self.os.path.join(root_directory, test_file)
            self.create_file(test_file)

test_directories.sort()
        test_files.sort()
        generator = self.os.walk(root_directory)
        root, dirs, files = next(generator)
        dirs.sort()
        files.sort()
        self.assertEqual(root_directory, root)
        self.assertEqual(test_directories, dirs)
        self.assertEqual(test_files, files)

# os.mknod does not work under MacOS due to permission issues
    # so we test it under Linux only
    def test_mk_nod_can_create_a_file(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("foo")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(filename))
        self.os.mknod(filename)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(filename))
        self.assertEqual(stat.S_IFREG | 0o600, self.os.stat(filename).st_mode)

def test_mk_nod_raises_if_empty_file_name(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = ""
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mk_nod_raises_if_parent_dir_doesnt_exist(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        parent = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        filename = self.os.path.join(parent, "foo")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(parent))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mk_nod_raises_if_file_exists(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("tmp", "foo")
        self.create_file(filename)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(filename))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mk_nod_raises_if_filename_is_dot(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("tmp", ".")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mk_nod_raises_if_filename_is_double_dot(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("tmp", "..")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mknod_empty_tail_for_existing_file_raises(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(filename)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(filename))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mknod_empty_tail_for_nonexistent_file_raises(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = self.make_path("tmp", "foo")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mknod_raises_if_filename_is_empty_string(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename = ""
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.mknod, filename)

def test_mknod_raises_if_unsupported_options(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        # behavior seems to have changed in ubuntu-20.04, version 20210606.1
        # skipping real fs tests for now
        self.skip_real_fs()
        filename = "abcde"
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(
                errno.EPERM, self.os.mknod, filename, stat.S_IFCHR
            )
        else:
            self.os.mknod(filename, stat.S_IFCHR)
            self.os.remove(filename)

def test_mknod_raises_if_parent_is_not_a_directory(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        filename1 = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(filename1)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(filename1))
        filename2 = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.mknod, filename2)

def test_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("foo", "bar"))
        self.os.symlink("bogus", file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.create_file(self.make_path("foo", "bar", "bogus"))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_symlink_on_nonexisting_path_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.symlink, link_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.symlink, dir_path, link_path)

def test_symlink_with_path_ending_with_sep_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.symlink,
            self.base_path,
            dir_path + self.os.sep,
        )

dir_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT,
            self.os.symlink,
            self.base_path,
            dir_path + self.os.sep,
        )

def test_symlink_with_path_ending_with_sep_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.symlink,
            self.base_path,
            dir_path + self.os.sep,
        )

dir_path = self.make_path("bar")
        # does not raise under Windows
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, dir_path + self.os.sep)

def test_broken_symlink_with_trailing_sep_posix(self):
        # Regression test for #390
        self.check_linux_only()
        path0 = self.make_path("foo") + self.os.sep
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.symlink, path0, path0)

def test_broken_symlink_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path0 = self.make_path("foo") + self.os.sep
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.symlink, path0, path0)

def test_rename_symlink_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        # Regression test for #391
        self.check_linux_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, path + self.os.sep, self.base_path
        )

def test_rename_symlink_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        # Regression test for #391
        self.check_macos_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path)
        self.os.rename(path + self.os.sep, self.base_path)

def test_rename_symlink_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST, self.os.rename, path + self.os.sep, self.base_path
        )

def test_rename_symlink_to_other_case(self):
        # Regression test for #389
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        link_to_link_path = self.make_path("BAR")
        self.os.symlink(link_path, link_to_link_path)
        new_link_to_link_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "bar")
        self.os.rename(link_to_link_path, new_link_to_link_path)
        self.assertEqual(["bar", "foo"], sorted(self.os.listdir(new_link_to_link_path)))

def create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep(self):
        # Regression tests for #396
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        target_path = self.make_path("target")
        self.os.symlink(target_path, link_path)
        link_path += self.os.sep
        return link_path

def test_lstat_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.lstat, link_path)

def test_lstat_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.lstat, link_path)

def test_lstat_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.lstat, link_path)

def test_mkdir_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_linux_windows(self):
        self.check_linux_and_windows()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.makedirs, link_path)

def test_mkdir_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.os.mkdir(link_path)  # no error

def test_makedirs_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.os.makedirs(link_path)  # no error

def test_remove_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.remove, link_path)

def test_remove_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.remove, link_path)

def test_remove_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.remove, link_path)

def test_rename_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, link_path, self.make_path("target")
        )

def test_rename_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.rename, link_path, self.make_path("target")
        )

def test_rename_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, link_path, self.make_path("target")
        )

def test_readlink_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.readlink, link_path)

def test_readlink_broken_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.readlink, link_path)

def test_islink_broken_link_with_trailing_sep(self):
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.islink(link_path))

def test_lexists_broken_link_with_trailing_sep(self):
        link_path = self.create_broken_link_path_with_trailing_sep()
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.lexists(link_path))

def test_rename_link_with_trailing_sep_to_self_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path)
        self.os.rename(path + self.os.sep, path)  # no error

def test_rename_link_with_trailing_sep_to_self_posix(self):
        # Regression test for #395
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, path + self.os.sep, path
        )

def check_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep(self, error):
        # Regression tests for #397
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        target_path = self.make_path("target") + self.os.sep
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(target_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error, self.open, link_path, "a")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error, self.open, link_path, "w")

def test_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.check_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep(errno.EISDIR)

def test_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep(errno.ENOENT)

def test_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_open_broken_symlink_to_path_with_trailing_sep(errno.EINVAL)

def test_link_path_ending_with_sep(self):
        # Regression tests for #399
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        with self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8"):
            self.assert_raises_os_error(
                errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.link, file_path + self.os.sep, link_path
            )

def test_link_to_path_ending_with_sep_posix(self):
        # regression test for #407
        self.check_posix_only()
        path0 = self.make_path("foo") + self.os.sep
        path1 = self.make_path("bar")
        with self.open(path1, "w", encoding="utf8"):
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.link, path1, path0)

def test_link_to_path_ending_with_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path0 = self.make_path("foo") + self.os.sep
        path1 = self.make_path("bar")
        with self.open(path1, "w", encoding="utf8"):
            self.os.link(path1, path0)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path1))

def test_rename_to_path_ending_with_sep(self):
        # Regression tests for #400
        file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        with self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8"):
            self.assert_raises_os_error(
                errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, file_path + self.os.sep, file_path
            )

def test_rmdir_link_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rmdir, link_path + self.os.sep
        )

def test_rmdir_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        # Regression test for #398
        self.check_macos_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.os.rmdir(link_path + self.os.sep)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_rmdir_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.os.rmdir(link_path + self.os.sep)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_readlink_circular_link_with_trailing_sep_linux(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        path1 = self.make_path("foo")
        path0 = self.make_path("bar")
        self.os.symlink(path0, path1)
        self.os.symlink(path1, path0)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ELOOP, self.os.readlink, path0 + self.os.sep)

def test_readlink_circular_link_with_trailing_sep_macos(self):
        # Regression test for #392
        self.check_macos_only()
        path1 = self.make_path("foo")
        path0 = self.make_path("bar")
        self.os.symlink(path0, path1)
        self.os.symlink(path1, path0)
        self.assertEqual(path0, self.os.readlink(path0 + self.os.sep))

def test_readlink_circular_link_with_trailing_sep_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path1 = self.make_path("foo")
        path0 = self.make_path("bar")
        self.os.symlink(path0, path1)
        self.os.symlink(path1, path0)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.readlink, path0 + self.os.sep
        )

# hard link related tests
    def test_link_bogus(self):
        # trying to create a link from a non-existent file should fail
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.link, "/nonexistent_source", "/link_dest"
        )

def test_link_delete(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()

file1_path = self.make_path("test_file1")
        file2_path = self.make_path("test_file2")
        contents1 = "abcdef"
        # Create file
        self.create_file(file1_path, contents=contents1)
        # link to second file
        self.os.link(file1_path, file2_path)
        # delete first file
        self.os.unlink(file1_path)
        # assert that second file exists, and its contents are the same
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file2_path))
        with self.open(file2_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), contents1)

def test_link_update(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()

file1_path = self.make_path("test_file1")
        file2_path = self.make_path("test_file2")
        contents1 = "abcdef"
        contents2 = "ghijkl"
        # Create file and link
        self.create_file(file1_path, contents=contents1)
        self.os.link(file1_path, file2_path)
        # assert that the second file contains contents1
        with self.open(file2_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), contents1)
        # update the first file
        with self.open(file1_path, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
            f.write(contents2)
        # assert that second file contains contents2
        with self.open(file2_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), contents2)

def test_link_non_existent_parent(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file1_path = self.make_path("test_file1")
        breaking_link_path = self.make_path("nonexistent", "test_file2")
        contents1 = "abcdef"
        # Create file and link
        self.create_file(file1_path, contents=contents1)

# trying to create a link under a non-existent directory should fail
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT, self.os.link, file1_path, breaking_link_path
        )

def test_link_is_existing_file(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.link, file_path, file_path)

def test_link_target_is_dir_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.link, dir_path, link_path)

def test_link_target_is_dir_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EPERM, self.os.link, dir_path, link_path)

def test_link_count1(self):
        """Test that hard link counts are updated correctly."""
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file1_path = self.make_path("test_file1")
        file2_path = self.make_path("test_file2")
        file3_path = self.make_path("test_file3")
        self.create_file(file1_path)
        # initial link count should be one
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file1_path).st_nlink, 1)
        self.os.link(file1_path, file2_path)
        # the count should be incremented for each hard link created
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file1_path).st_nlink, 2)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file2_path).st_nlink, 2)
        # Check that the counts are all updated together
        self.os.link(file2_path, file3_path)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file1_path).st_nlink, 3)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file2_path).st_nlink, 3)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file3_path).st_nlink, 3)
        # Counts should be decremented when links are removed
        self.os.unlink(file3_path)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file1_path).st_nlink, 2)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file2_path).st_nlink, 2)
        # check that it gets decremented correctly again
        self.os.unlink(file1_path)
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat(file2_path).st_nlink, 1)

@unittest.skipIf(IS_PYPY, "follow_symlinks not supported in PyPi")
    def test_link_no_follow_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        target_path = self.make_path("target_path")
        self.create_file(target_path, contents="foo")
        symlink_path = self.make_path("symlink_to_file")
        self.create_symlink(symlink_path, target_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_symlink")
        self.os.link(symlink_path, link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.islink(link_path))

@unittest.skipIf(not IS_PYPY, "follow_symlinks only not supported in PyPi")
    def test_link_follow_symlink_not_supported_inPypy(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        target_path = self.make_path("target_path")
        self.create_file(target_path, contents="foo")
        symlink_path = self.make_path("symlink_to_file")
        self.create_symlink(symlink_path, target_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link_to_symlink")
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.link(symlink_path, link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        self.assertEqual(errno.EINVAL, cm.exception.errno)

def test_nlink_for_directories(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("foo", "bar"))
        self.create_file(self.make_path("foo", "baz"))
        self.assertEqual(
            2,
            self.filesystem.get_object(self.make_path("foo", "bar")).st_nlink,
        )
        self.assertEqual(4, self.filesystem.get_object(self.make_path("foo")).st_nlink)
        self.create_file(self.make_path("foo", "baz2"))
        self.assertEqual(5, self.filesystem.get_object(self.make_path("foo")).st_nlink)

def test_umask(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        umask = self.os.umask(0o22)
        self.assertEqual(umask, self.os.umask(0o12))
        self.os.umask(umask)

def test_mkdir_umask_applied(self):
        """mkdir creates a directory with umask applied."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.os.umask(0o22)
        dir1 = self.make_path("dir1")
        self.os.mkdir(dir1)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o755, self.os.stat(dir1).st_mode)
        self.os.umask(0o67)
        dir2 = self.make_path("dir2")
        self.os.mkdir(dir2)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o710, self.os.stat(dir2).st_mode)

def test_makedirs_umask_applied(self):
        """makedirs creates a directories with umask applied."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        umask = self.os.umask(0o22)
        self.os.makedirs(self.make_path("p1", "dir1"))
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o755, self.os.stat(self.make_path("p1")).st_mode)
        self.assert_mode_equal(
            0o755, self.os.stat(self.make_path("p1", "dir1")).st_mode
        )
        self.os.umask(0o67)
        self.os.makedirs(self.make_path("p2", "dir2"))
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o710, self.os.stat(self.make_path("p2")).st_mode)
        self.assert_mode_equal(
            0o710, self.os.stat(self.make_path("p2", "dir2")).st_mode
        )
        self.os.umask(umask)

def test_mknod_umask_applied(self):
        """mkdir creates a device with umask applied."""
        # skipping MacOs due to mknod permission issues
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.os.umask(0o22)
        node1 = self.make_path("nod1")
        self.os.mknod(node1, stat.S_IFREG | 0o666)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o644, self.os.stat(node1).st_mode)
        self.os.umask(0o27)
        node2 = self.make_path("nod2")
        self.os.mknod(node2, stat.S_IFREG | 0o666)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o640, self.os.stat(node2).st_mode)

def test_open_umask_applied(self):
        """open creates a file with umask applied."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.os.umask(0o22)
        file1 = self.make_path("file1")
        self.open(file1, "w", encoding="utf8").close()
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o644, self.os.stat(file1).st_mode)
        self.os.umask(0o27)
        file2 = self.make_path("file2")
        self.open(file2, "w", encoding="utf8").close()
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o640, self.os.stat(file2).st_mode)

def test_open_pipe(self):
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)

def test_open_pipe_with_existing_fd(self):
        file1 = self.make_path("file1")
        fd = self.os.open(file1, os.O_CREAT)
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        self.assertGreater(read_fd, fd)
        self.os.close(fd)
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)

def test_open_file_with_existing_pipe(self):
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        file1 = self.make_path("file1")
        fd = self.os.open(file1, os.O_CREAT)
        self.assertGreater(fd, write_fd)
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)
        self.os.close(fd)

def test_read_write_pipe(self):
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(write_fd, b"test"))
        self.assertEqual(b"test", self.os.read(read_fd, 4))
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)

def test_open_existing_pipe(self):
        # create some regular files to ensure that real and fake fd
        # are out of sync (see #581)
        fds = []
        for i in range(5):
            path = self.make_path("file" + str(i))
            fds.append(self.os.open(path, os.O_CREAT))
        file_path = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8"):
            read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
            with self.open(write_fd, "wb") as f:
                self.assertEqual(4, f.write(b"test"))
            with self.open(read_fd, "rb") as f:
                self.assertEqual(b"test", f.read())
        for fd in fds:
            self.os.close(fd)

def test_write_to_pipe(self):
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        self.os.write(write_fd, b"test")
        self.assertEqual(b"test", self.os.read(read_fd, 4))
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)

@unittest.skipIf(
        sys.platform not in ("win32", "darwin", "linux"),
        "Pipe implementation may differ on other platforms",
    )
    def test_write_to_read_fd(self):
        read_fd, write_fd = self.os.pipe()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, read_fd, b"test")
        self.os.close(read_fd)
        self.os.close(write_fd)

def test_truncate(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="012345678901234567")
        self.os.truncate(file_path, 10)
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("0123456789", f.read())

def test_truncate_non_existing(self):
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.truncate, "foo", 10)

def test_truncate_to_larger(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="0123456789")
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.truncate(fd, 20)
        self.assertEqual(20, self.os.stat(file_path).st_size)
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("0123456789" + "\0" * 10, f.read())

def test_truncate_with_fd(self):
        if os.truncate not in os.supports_fd:
            self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.ftruncate, 50, 10)
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="01234567890123456789")

fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.truncate(fd, 10)
        self.assertEqual(10, self.os.stat(file_path).st_size)
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("0123456789", f.read())

def test_ftruncate(self):
        if self.is_pypy:
            # not correctly supported
            self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.ftruncate, 50, 10)
        file_path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="0123456789012345")

def test_capabilities(self):
        """Make sure that the fake capabilities are the same as the real ones."""
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.stat in self.os.supports_follow_symlinks,
            os.stat in os.supports_follow_symlinks,
        )
        self.assertEqual(self.os.stat in self.os.supports_fd, os.stat in os.supports_fd)
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.stat in self.os.supports_dir_fd, os.stat in os.supports_dir_fd
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.stat in self.os.supports_effective_ids,
            os.stat in os.supports_effective_ids,
        )

def test_dup(self):
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.dup(500)
        self.assertEqual(errno.EBADF, cm.exception.errno)
        file_path = self.make_path("test.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="heythere")
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.dup(fd1)
        self.assertEqual(b"hey", self.os.read(fd1, 3))
        self.assertEqual(b"there", self.os.read(fd1, 10))
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)

def test_dup_uses_freed_fd(self):
        file_path1 = self.make_path("foo.txt")
        file_path2 = self.make_path("bar.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path1, contents="foo here")
        self.create_file(file_path2, contents="bar here")
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path1, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(file_path2, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.os.close(fd1)
        fd3 = self.os.dup(fd2)
        self.assertEqual(fd1, fd3)
        self.os.close(fd2)

def test_dup2_uses_existing_fd(self):
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.dup2(500, 501)
        self.assertEqual(errno.EBADF, cm.exception.errno)

file_path1 = self.make_path("foo.txt")
        file_path2 = self.make_path("bar.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path1, contents="foo here")
        self.create_file(file_path2, contents="bar here")
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path1, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(file_path2, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(b"bar", self.os.read(fd2, 3))
        fd2 = self.os.dup2(fd1, fd2)
        self.assertEqual(b"foo", self.os.read(fd2, 3))
        self.os.lseek(fd2, 0, 0)
        self.assertEqual(b"foo", self.os.read(fd1, 3))
        self.os.close(fd2)

def test_dup2_with_new_fd(self):
        file_path1 = self.make_path("foo.txt")
        file_path2 = self.make_path("bar.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path1)
        self.create_file(file_path2)
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path1, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = fd1 + 2
        self.assertEqual(fd2, self.os.dup2(fd1, fd2))
        fd3 = self.os.open(file_path2, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd4 = self.os.dup(fd3)
        self.os.close(fd4)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        # we have a free position before fd2 that is now filled
        self.assertEqual(fd1 + 1, fd3)
        self.assertEqual(fd1 + 3, fd4)

@unittest.skipIf(sys.version_info < (3, 14), "Introduced in Python 3.14")
    def test_readinto(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar.txt")
        contents = b"Testing readinto"
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=contents)
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        try:
            buffer = bytearray(b"")
            self.assertEqual(0, self.os.readinto(fd, buffer))
            buffer = bytearray(b" " * 20)
            self.assertEqual(len(contents), self.os.readinto(fd, buffer))
            self.assertEqual(b"Testing readinto    ", buffer)
            self.assertEqual(0, self.os.readinto(fd, buffer))
            self.os.lseek(fd, 5, os.SEEK_SET)
            self.assertEqual(len(contents) - 5, self.os.readinto(fd, buffer))
            self.assertEqual(b"ng readintodinto    ", buffer)
        finally:
            self.os.close(fd)

class RealOsModuleTest(FakeOsModuleTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeOsModuleTestCaseInsensitiveFS(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.check_case_insensitive_fs()
        self.rwx = self.os.R_OK | self.os.W_OK | self.os.X_OK
        self.rw = self.os.R_OK | self.os.W_OK

def test_chdir_fails_non_directory(self):
        """chdir should raise OSError if the target is not a directory."""
        filename = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(filename)
        filename1 = self.make_path("Foo", "Bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.chdir, filename1)

def test_listdir_returns_list(self):
        directory_root = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.os.mkdir(directory_root)
        directory = self.os.path.join(directory_root, "bug")
        self.os.mkdir(directory)
        directory_upper = self.make_path("XYZZY", "BUG")
        self.create_file(self.make_path(directory, "foo"))
        self.assertEqual(["foo"], self.os.listdir(directory_upper))

def test_listdir_possible_without_exe_permission(self):
        # regression test for #960
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_root()
        directory = self.make_path("testdir")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="hey", perm=0o777)
        self.os.chmod(directory, 0o655)  # rw-r-xr-x
        # We cannot create any files in the directory, because that requires
        # searching it
        another_file = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(another_file, contents="hey")
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            self.os.link(another_file, self.os.path.join(directory, "link.txt"))
        # We can enumerate the directory using listdir and scandir:
        assert self.os.listdir(directory) == ["file.txt"]
        assert len(list(self.os.scandir(directory))) == 1

# We cannot read files inside of the directory,
        # even if we have read access to the file
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            self.os.stat(file_path)
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
                f.read()

def test_listdir_impossible_without_read_permission(self):
        # regression test for #960
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_root()
        directory = self.make_path("testdir")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "file.txt")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="hey", perm=0o777)
        self.os.chmod(directory, 0o355)  # -wxr-xr-x
        another_file = self.make_path("file.txt")
        self.create_file(another_file, contents="hey")
        self.os.link(another_file, self.os.path.join(directory, "link.txt"))
        # We cannot enumerate the directory using listdir or scandir:
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            self.os.listdir(directory)
        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
            self.os.scandir(directory)
        # we can access the file if we know the file name
        assert self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode & 0o777 == 0o755
        with self.open(file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            assert f.read() == "hey"

def test_stat(self):
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        directory1 = self.make_path("XYZZY")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents="ABCDE")
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFDIR & self.os.stat(directory1)[stat.ST_MODE])
        file_path1 = self.os.path.join(directory1, "Plugh")
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path1)[stat.ST_MODE])
        self.assertTrue(stat.S_IFREG & self.os.stat(file_path1).st_mode)
        self.assertEqual(5, self.os.stat(file_path1)[stat.ST_SIZE])

def test_stat_no_follow_symlinks_posix(self):
        """Test that stat with follow_symlinks=False behaves like lstat."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(file_contents),
            self.os.stat(file_path.upper(), follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            len(base_name),
            self.os.stat(link_path.upper(), follow_symlinks=False)[stat.ST_SIZE],
        )

def test_lstat_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        base_name = "plugh"
        file_contents = "frobozz"
        # Just make sure we didn't accidentally make our test data meaningless.
        self.assertNotEqual(len(base_name), len(file_contents))
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, base_name)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "link")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.create_symlink(link_path, base_name)
        self.assertEqual(
            len(file_contents), self.os.lstat(file_path.upper())[stat.ST_SIZE]
        )
        self.assertEqual(len(base_name), self.os.lstat(link_path.upper())[stat.ST_SIZE])

def check_readlink_raises_if_path_not_a_link(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "eleventyone")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EINVAL, self.os.readlink, file_path.upper())

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_not_a_link_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_not_a_link()

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_not_a_link_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_not_a_link()

def check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(self, error_subtype):
        self.create_file(self.make_path("a_file"))
        file_path = self.make_path("a_file", "foo")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_subtype, self.os.readlink, file_path.upper())
        file_path = self.make_path("a_file", "foo", "bar")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(error_subtype, self.os.readlink, file_path.upper())

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(errno.ENOENT)

def test_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_readlink_raises_if_path_has_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_readlink_with_links_in_path(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("meyer", "lemon", "pie"), self.make_path("yum")
        )
        self.create_symlink(self.make_path("geo", "metro"), self.make_path("Meyer"))
        self.assert_equal_paths(
            self.make_path("yum"),
            self.os.readlink(self.make_path("Geo", "Metro", "Lemon", "Pie")),
        )

def test_readlink_with_chained_links_in_path(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("eastern", "european", "wolfhounds", "chase"),
            self.make_path("cats"),
        )
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("russian"), self.make_path("Eastern", "European")
        )
        self.create_symlink(
            self.make_path("dogs"), self.make_path("Russian", "Wolfhounds")
        )
        self.assert_equal_paths(
            self.make_path("cats"),
            self.os.readlink(self.make_path("DOGS", "Chase")),
        )

def check_remove_dir(self, dir_error):
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        dir_path = dir_path.upper()
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path.upper()))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(dir_error, self.os.remove, dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.os.chdir(directory)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(dir_error, self.os.remove, dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.remove, "/Plugh")

def test_remove_dir_mac_os(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_remove_dir(errno.EPERM)

def test_remove_dir_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_remove_dir(errno.EACCES)

def test_remove_file(self):
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path.upper()))
        self.os.remove(file_path.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_remove_file_no_directory(self):
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        file_name = "plugh"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, file_name)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.os.chdir(directory.upper())
        self.os.remove(file_name.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_remove_open_file_fails_under_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        with self.open(path, "r", encoding="utf8"):
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.remove, path.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_open_file_possible_under_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(path)
        self.open(path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        self.os.remove(path.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))

def test_remove_file_relative_path(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        original_dir = self.os.getcwd()
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        subdirectory = self.os.path.join(directory, "zzy")
        file_name = "plugh"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, file_name)
        file_path_relative = self.os.path.join("..", file_name)
        self.create_file(file_path.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.create_dir(subdirectory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(subdirectory))
        self.os.chdir(subdirectory.upper())
        self.os.remove(file_path_relative.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path_relative))
        self.os.chdir(original_dir.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_remove_dir_raises_error_mac_os(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_remove_dir_raises_error(errno.EPERM)

def test_remove_dir_raises_error_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_remove_dir_raises_error(errno.EACCES)

def test_remove_symlink_to_dir(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        directory = self.make_path("zzy")
        link = self.make_path("link_to_dir")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.os.symlink(directory, link)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link))
        self.os.remove(link.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link))

def test_rename_dir_to_symlink_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        link_target = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link_target")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(link_target.upper(), link_path.upper())
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rename, dir_path, link_path)

def test_rename_dir_to_symlink_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        link_target = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "link_target")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(link_target.upper(), link_path.upper())
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.rename, dir_path, link_path)

def test_rename_dir_to_existing_dir(self):
        # Regression test for #317
        self.check_posix_only()
        dest_dir_path = self.make_path("Dest")
        # seems to behave differently under different MacOS versions
        self.skip_real_fs()
        new_dest_dir_path = self.make_path("dest")
        self.os.mkdir(dest_dir_path)
        source_dir_path = self.make_path("src")
        self.os.mkdir(source_dir_path)
        self.os.rename(source_dir_path, new_dest_dir_path)
        self.assertEqual(["dest"], self.os.listdir(self.base_path))

def test_rename_file_to_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("file_link")
        file_path = self.make_path("file")
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path.upper(), link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path.upper()))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.isfile(link_path.upper()))

def test_rename_symlink_to_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        link_path1 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link1")
        link_path2 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link2")
        self.os.symlink(base_path.upper(), link_path1)
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path2)
        self.os.rename(link_path1.upper(), link_path2.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path1))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path2))

def test_rename_symlink_to_symlink_for_parent_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_link = self.make_path("dir_link")
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        dir_in_dir_path = self.os.path.join(dir_link, "inner_dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path.upper(), dir_link)
        self.create_dir(dir_in_dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EINVAL, self.os.rename, dir_path, dir_in_dir_path.upper()
        )

def test_rename_directory_to_linked_dir(self):
        # Regression test for #314
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        link_subdir = self.os.path.join(link_path, "dir")
        dir_path = self.make_path("Dir")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        self.os.rename(dir_path, link_subdir)
        self.assertEqual(["dir", "link"], sorted(self.os.listdir(self.base_path)))

def test_rename_with_target_parent_file_raises_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOTDIR,
            self.os.rename,
            file_path,
            file_path.upper() + "/new",
        )

def test_rename_looping_symlink(self):
        # Regression test for #315
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path_lower = self.make_path("baz")
        path_upper = self.make_path("BAZ")
        self.os.symlink(path_lower, path_upper)
        self.os.rename(path_upper, path_lower)
        self.assertEqual(["baz"], self.os.listdir(self.base_path))

def test_rename_symlink_to_source(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.os.symlink(file_path, link_path)
        self.os.rename(link_path.upper(), file_path.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_rename_symlink_to_dir_raises(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir_link")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path.upper())
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EISDIR, self.os.rename, link_path, dir_path.upper()
        )

def test_rename_broken_symlink(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "file")
        self.os.symlink(file_path.upper(), link_path)
        self.os.rename(link_path.upper(), file_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_change_case_in_case_insensitive_file_system(self):
        """Can use `rename()` to change filename case in a case-insensitive
        file system."""
        old_file_path = self.make_path("fileName")
        new_file_path = self.make_path("FileNAME")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents")
        self.assertEqual(["fileName"], self.os.listdir(self.base_path))
        self.os.rename(old_file_path, new_file_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.assertEqual(["FileNAME"], self.os.listdir(self.base_path))

def test_rename_symlink_with_changed_case(self):
        # Regression test for #313
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "link")
        link_path_upper = self.make_path("link", "LINK")
        self.os.rename(link_path_upper, link_path)

def test_rename_directory(self):
        """Can rename a directory to an unused name."""
        for old_path, new_path in [("wxyyw", "xyzzy"), ("abccb", "cdeed")]:
            old_path = self.make_path(old_path)
            new_path = self.make_path(new_path)
            self.create_file(self.os.path.join(old_path, "plugh"), contents="test")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_path))
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
            self.os.rename(old_path.upper(), new_path.upper())
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
            self.check_contents(self.os.path.join(new_path, "plugh"), "test")
            if not self.use_real_fs():
                self.assertEqual(3, self.filesystem.get_object(new_path).st_nlink)

def test_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_rename_directory_to_existing_file_raises(errno.EEXIST)

def test_rename_to_a_hardlink_of_same_file_should_do_nothing(self):
        self.skip_real_fs_failure(skip_posix=False)
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("dir", "file")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.link(file_path.upper(), link_path)
        self.os.rename(file_path, link_path.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_rename_with_incorrect_source_case(self):
        # Regression test for #308
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        path0 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "bar")
        path1 = self.os.path.join(base_path, "Bar")
        self.create_dir(path0)
        self.os.rename(path1, path0)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(path0))

def test_rename_symlink_to_other_case_does_nothing_in_mac_os(self):
        # Regression test for #318
        self.check_macos_only()
        path0 = self.make_path("beta")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path0)
        path0 = self.make_path("beta", "Beta")
        path1 = self.make_path("Beta")
        self.os.rename(path0, path1)
        self.assertEqual(["beta"], sorted(self.os.listdir(path0)))

def test_rename_symlink_to_other_case_works_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path0 = self.make_path("beta")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, path0)
        path0 = self.make_path("beta", "Beta")
        path1 = self.make_path("Beta")
        self.os.rename(path0, path1)
        self.assertEqual(["Beta"], sorted(self.os.listdir(path0)))

def test_renames_creates_missing_dirs(self):
        old_path = self.make_path("foo.txt")
        self.create_file(old_path)
        new_path = self.make_path("new", "dir", "bar.txt")
        self.os.renames(old_path, new_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))

def test_renames_removes_empty_dirs(self):
        old_base_path = self.make_path("old")
        old_path = self.make_path("old", "dir1", "dir2", "foo.txt")
        other_file = self.os.path.join(old_base_path, "foo.png")
        self.create_file(old_path)
        self.create_file(other_file)
        new_path = self.make_path("new", "bar.txt")
        self.os.renames(old_path, new_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_base_path))
        removed_path = self.os.path.join(old_base_path, "dir1")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(removed_path))

def test_stat_with_mixed_case(self):
        # Regression test for #310
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "bar")
        self.create_dir(path)
        path = self.os.path.join(path, "Bar")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, path)
        path = self.os.path.join(path, "Bar")
        # used to raise
        self.os.stat(path)

def test_hardlink_works_with_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(base_path)
        symlink_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink")
        self.os.symlink(base_path.upper(), symlink_path)
        file_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "slink", "beta")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "Slink", "gamma")
        self.os.link(file_path, link_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_rename_to_existing_directory_under_posix(self):
        """Renaming to an existing directory changes the existing directory
        under Posix."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        old_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        new_path = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        self.create_dir(self.os.path.join(old_path, "sub"))
        self.create_dir(new_path)
        self.os.rename(old_path.upper(), new_path.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.path.join(new_path, "sub")))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_path))

def test_rename_to_existent_file_posix(self):
        """Can rename a file to a used name under Unix."""
        self.check_posix_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.os.rename(old_file_path.upper(), new_file_path.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(new_file_path, "test contents 1")

def test_rename_to_existent_file_windows(self):
        """Renaming a file to a used name raises OSError under Windows."""
        self.check_windows_only()
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.rename,
            old_file_path.upper(),
            new_file_path.upper(),
        )

def test_replace_to_existent_file(self):
        """Replaces an existing file (does not work with `rename()` under
        Windows)."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents 1")
        self.create_file(new_file_path, contents="test contents 2")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.os.replace(old_file_path.upper(), new_file_path.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(new_file_path, "test contents 1")

def test_rename_to_nonexistent_dir(self):
        """Can rename a file to a name in a nonexistent dir."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        old_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh_old")
        new_file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "no_such_path", "plugh_new")
        self.create_file(old_file_path, contents="test contents")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT,
            self.os.rename,
            old_file_path.upper(),
            new_file_path.upper(),
        )
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(old_file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(new_file_path))
        self.check_contents(old_file_path, "test contents")

def check_rename_case_only_with_symlink_parent(self):
        # Regression test for #319
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, self.make_path("link"))
        dir_upper = self.make_path("link", "Alpha")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_upper)
        dir_lower = self.make_path("alpha")
        self.os.rename(dir_upper, dir_lower)
        self.assertEqual(["alpha", "link"], sorted(self.os.listdir(self.base_path)))

def test_rename_case_only_with_symlink_parent_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_rename_case_only_with_symlink_parent()

def test_rename_case_only_with_symlink_parent_macos(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        self.check_rename_case_only_with_symlink_parent()

def test_rename_dir(self):
        """Test a rename of a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        before_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "before")
        before_file = self.os.path.join(directory, "before", "file")
        after_dir = self.os.path.join(directory, "after")
        after_file = self.os.path.join(directory, "after", "file")
        self.create_dir(before_dir)
        self.create_file(before_file, contents="payload")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(before_dir.upper()))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(before_file.upper()))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(after_dir.upper()))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(after_file.upper()))
        self.os.rename(before_dir.upper(), after_dir)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(before_dir.upper()))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(before_file.upper()))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(after_dir.upper()))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(after_file.upper()))
        self.check_contents(after_file, "payload")

def test_rename_same_filenames(self):
        """Test renaming when old and new names are the same."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_contents = "Spam eggs"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "eggs")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=file_contents)
        self.os.rename(file_path, file_path.upper())
        self.check_contents(file_path, file_contents)

def test_rmdir(self):
        """Can remove a directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        sub_dir = self.make_path("xyzzy", "abccd")
        other_dir = self.make_path("xyzzy", "cdeed")
        self.create_dir(directory)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.os.rmdir(directory)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(directory))
        self.create_dir(sub_dir)
        self.create_dir(other_dir)
        self.os.chdir(sub_dir)
        self.os.rmdir("../CDEED")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(other_dir))
        self.os.chdir("..")
        self.os.rmdir("AbcCd")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(sub_dir))

def test_rmdir_via_symlink(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "alpha")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "beta")
        self.os.symlink(base_path, link_path)
        self.os.rmdir(link_path + "/Alpha")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def test_remove_dirs_with_non_top_symlink_succeeds(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        dir_link = self.make_path("dir_link")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, dir_link)
        dir_in_dir = self.os.path.join(dir_link, "dir2")
        self.create_dir(dir_in_dir)
        self.os.removedirs(dir_in_dir.upper())
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_in_dir))
        # ensure that the symlink is not removed
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_link))

def test_mkdir_raises_on_symlink_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link_to_dir")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path.upper(), link_path.upper())
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOTDIR, self.os.rmdir, link_path)

def test_mkdir_removes_symlink_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        base_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        link_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "link_to_dir")
        dir_path = self.os.path.join(base_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.os.symlink(dir_path.upper(), link_path.upper())
        self.os.rmdir(link_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(link_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def test_mkdir_raises_if_symlink_exists(self):
        # Regression test for #309
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        path1 = self.make_path("baz")
        self.os.symlink(path1, path1)
        path2 = self.make_path("Baz")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.mkdir, path2)

def check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(self, error_type):
        """mkdir raises exception if name already exists as a file."""
        directory = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        file_path = self.os.path.join(directory, "plugh")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            error_type,
            self.os.mkdir,
            self.os.path.join(file_path.upper(), "ff"),
        )

def test_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_mkdir_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOENT)

def test_makedirs(self):
        """makedirs can create a directory even if parent does not exist."""
        parent = self.make_path("xyzzy")
        directory = self.os.path.join(parent, "foo")
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(parent))
        self.os.makedirs(directory.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.check_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOTDIR)

def test_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        self.check_makedirs_raises_if_parent_is_file(errno.ENOENT)

self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.makedirs, directory.upper())
        self.os.makedirs(directory.upper(), exist_ok=True)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(directory))

# test fsync and fdatasync
    def test_fsync_pass(self):
        test_file_path = self.make_path("test_file")
        self.create_file(test_file_path, contents="dummy file contents")
        test_file = self.open(test_file_path.upper(), "r+", encoding="utf8")
        test_fd = test_file.fileno()
        # Test that this doesn't raise anything
        self.os.fsync(test_fd)
        # And just for sanity, double-check that this still raises
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.fsync, test_fd + 10)
        test_file.close()

def test_chmod(self):
        # set up
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.chmod(path.upper(), 0o6543)
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o6543, st.st_mode)
        self.assertTrue(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFREG)
        self.assertFalse(st.st_mode & stat.S_IFDIR)

def test_symlink(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        self.create_dir(self.make_path("foo", "bar"))
        self.os.symlink("bogus", file_path.upper())
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.create_file(self.make_path("Foo", "Bar", "Bogus"))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.lexists(file_path))
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

# hard link related tests
    def test_link_delete(self):
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()

file1_path = self.make_path("test_file1")
        file2_path = self.make_path("test_file2")
        contents1 = "abcdef"
        # Create file
        self.create_file(file1_path, contents=contents1)
        # link to second file
        self.os.link(file1_path.upper(), file2_path)
        # delete first file
        self.os.unlink(file1_path)
        # assert that second file exists, and its contents are the same
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file2_path))
        with self.open(file2_path.upper(), encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual(f.read(), contents1)

def test_link_is_broken_symlink(self):
        # Regression test for #311
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_case_insensitive_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        path_lower = self.make_path("foo")
        self.os.symlink(path_lower, path_lower)
        path_upper = self.make_path("Foo")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EEXIST, self.os.link, file_path, path_upper)

def test_link_with_changed_case(self):
        # Regression test for #312
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        self.check_case_insensitive_fs()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        self.os.symlink(self.base_path, link_path)
        link_path = self.os.path.join(link_path, "Link")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.lstat(link_path))

class RealOsModuleTestCaseInsensitiveFS(FakeOsModuleTestCaseInsensitiveFS):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeOsModuleTimeTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def test_chmod_st_ctime(self):
        with self.mock_time(start=200):
            file_path = "some_file"
            self.filesystem.create_file(file_path)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

st = self.os.stat(file_path)
            self.assertEqual(200, st.st_ctime)
            # tests
            self.os.chmod(file_path, 0o765)
            st = self.os.stat(file_path)
            self.assertEqual(220, st.st_ctime)

def test_utime_sets_current_time_if_args_is_none(self):
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)

with self.mock_time(start=200):
            self.os.utime(path, times=None)
            st = self.os.stat(path)
            self.assertEqual(200, st.st_atime)
            self.assertEqual(200, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_sets_specified_time(self):
        # set up
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        self.os.stat(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.utime(path, times=(1, 2))
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assertEqual(1, st.st_atime)
        self.assertEqual(2, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_dir(self):
        # set up
        path = "/some_dir"
        self.createTestDirectory(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.utime(path, times=(1.0, 2.0))
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assertEqual(1.0, st.st_atime)
        self.assertEqual(2.0, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_follow_symlinks(self):
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = "/link_to_some_file"
        self.filesystem.create_symlink(link_path, path)

self.os.utime(link_path, times=(1, 2))
        st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assertEqual(1, st.st_atime)
        self.assertEqual(2, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_no_follow_symlinks(self):
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)
        link_path = "/link_to_some_file"
        self.filesystem.create_symlink(link_path, path)

self.os.utime(link_path, times=(1, 2), follow_symlinks=False)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path)
        self.assertNotEqual(1, st.st_atime)
        self.assertNotEqual(2, st.st_mtime)
        st = self.os.stat(link_path, follow_symlinks=False)
        self.assertEqual(1, st.st_atime)
        self.assertEqual(2, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_non_existent(self):
        path = "/non/existent/file"
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.utime, path, (1, 2))

def test_utime_invalid_times_arg_raises(self):
        path = "/some_dir"
        self.createTestDirectory(path)

# the error message differs with different Python versions
        # we don't expect the same message here
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.utime, path, (1, 2, 3))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.utime, path, (1, "str"))

def test_utime_sets_specified_time_in_ns(self):
        # set up
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)

self.os.stat(path)
        # actual tests
        self.os.utime(path, ns=(200000000, 400000000))
        st = self.os.stat(path)
        self.assertEqual(0.2, st.st_atime)
        self.assertEqual(0.4, st.st_mtime)

def test_utime_incorrect_ns_argument_raises(self):
        file_path = "some_file"
        self.filesystem.create_file(file_path)

self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.utime, file_path, ns=200000000)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.os.utime, file_path, ns=("a", "b"))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, self.os.utime, file_path, times=(1, 2), ns=(100, 200)
        )

def test_utime_uses_open_fd_as_path(self):
        if os.utime not in os.supports_fd:
            self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.utime, 5, (1, 2))
        path = self.make_path("some_file")
        self.createTestFile(path)

with FakeFileOpen(self.filesystem)(path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.os.utime(f.filedes, times=(1, 2))
            st = self.os.stat(path)
            self.assertEqual(1, st.st_atime)
            self.assertEqual(2, st.st_mtime)

class FakeOsModuleLowLevelFileOpTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    """Test low level functions `os.open()`, `os.read()` and `os.write()`."""

def test_open_read_only(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(b"contents", self.os.read(file_des, 8))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, file_des, b"test")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_read_only_write_zero_bytes_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, file_des, b"test")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_read_only_write_zero_bytes_windows(self):
        # under Windows, writing an empty string to a read only file
        # is not an error
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.write(file_des, b""))
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_write_only(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"testents")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_write_only_raises_on_read(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.os.close(file_des)
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.os.close(file_des)
        file_path2 = self.make_path("file2")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path2, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.os.close(file_des)
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path2, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_write_only_read_zero_bytes_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 0)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_write_only_read_zero_bytes_windows(self):
        # under Windows, reading 0 bytes from a write only file is not an error
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(file_des, 0))
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_read_write(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"testents")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_create_is_read_only(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(file_des, 1))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, file_des, b"foo")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_create_truncate_is_read_only(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(file_des, 1))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, file_des, b"foo")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_raises_if_does_not_exist(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.open, file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.open, file_path, os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.os.open, file_path, os.O_RDWR)

def test_exclusive_open_raises_without_create_mode(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, self.os.open, file_path, os.O_EXCL)
        self.assertRaises(
            NotImplementedError,
            self.os.open,
            file_path,
            os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY,
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            NotImplementedError, self.os.open, file_path, os.O_EXCL | os.O_RDWR
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            NotImplementedError,
            self.os.open,
            file_path,
            os.O_EXCL | os.O_TRUNC | os.O_APPEND,
        )

def test_open_raises_if_parent_does_not_exist(self):
        path = self.make_path("alpha", "alpha")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.ENOENT,
            self.os.open,
            path,
            os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC,
        )

def test_open_truncate(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(file_des, 8))
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"test")
        self.os.close(file_des)

@unittest.skipIf(not TestCase.is_windows, "O_TEMPORARY only present in Windows")
    def test_temp_file(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        fd = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDWR | os.O_TEMPORARY)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.os.close(fd)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(file_path))

def test_open_append(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")

file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_APPEND)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"contentstest")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_create(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.check_contents(file_path, "test")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_can_read_after_create_exclusive(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        path1 = self.make_path("alpha")
        file_des = self.os.open(path1, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(file_des, 0))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, file_des, b"")
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_create_mode_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0o700)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o700, self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_create_mode_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0o700)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, file_des, 5)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(file_des, b"test"))
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o666, self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def testOpenCreateMode444Windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0o442)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o444, self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)
        self.os.chmod(file_path, 0o666)

def testOpenCreateMode666Windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT, 0o224)
        self.assert_mode_equal(0o666, self.os.stat(file_path).st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_exclusive(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_EXCL | os.O_CREAT)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(file_path))
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_exclusive_raises_if_file_exists(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"contents")
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.open,
            file_path,
            os.O_RDWR | os.O_EXCL | os.O_CREAT,
        )
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.open,
            file_path,
            os.O_RDWR | os.O_EXCL | os.O_CREAT,
        )

def test_open_exclusive_raises_if_symlink_exists_in_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        link_target = self.make_path("link_target")
        self.os.symlink(link_target, link_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(
            errno.EEXIST,
            self.os.open,
            link_path,
            os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC | os.O_EXCL,
        )

def test_open_exclusive_if_symlink_exists_works_in_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        link_path = self.make_path("link")
        link_target = self.make_path("link_target")
        self.os.symlink(link_target, link_path)
        fd = self.os.open(link_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC | os.O_EXCL)
        self.os.close(fd)

def test_open_directory_raises_under_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_RDWR)

def test_open_directory_for_writing_raises_under_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_WRONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_RDWR)

def test_open_directory_read_only_under_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        file_des = self.os.open(dir_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(3, file_des)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_opening_existing_directory_in_creation_mode(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("alpha")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_CREAT)

def test_writing_to_existing_directory(self):
        self.check_macos_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("alpha")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        fd = self.os.open(dir_path, os.O_CREAT)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, fd, b"")

def test_opening_existing_directory_in_write_mode(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("alpha")
        self.os.mkdir(dir_path)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EISDIR, self.os.open, dir_path, os.O_WRONLY)

def test_open_mode_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        stat0 = self.os.fstat(file_des)
        # not a really good test as this replicates the code,
        # but we don't know the umask at the test system
        self.assertEqual(0o100777 & ~self.os._umask(), stat0.st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_open_mode_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        file_des = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        stat0 = self.os.fstat(file_des)
        self.assertEqual(0o100666, stat0.st_mode)
        self.os.close(file_des)

def test_write_read(self):
        file_path = self.make_path("file1")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"orig contents")
        new_contents = b"1234567890abcdef"

with self.open(file_path, "wb") as fh:
            fileno = fh.fileno()
            self.assertEqual(len(new_contents), self.os.write(fileno, new_contents))
            self.check_contents(file_path, new_contents)

with self.open(file_path, "rb") as fh:
            fileno = fh.fileno()
            self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fileno, 0))
            self.assertEqual(new_contents[0:2], self.os.read(fileno, 2))
            self.assertEqual(new_contents[2:10], self.os.read(fileno, 8))
            self.assertEqual(new_contents[10:], self.os.read(fileno, 100))
            self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fileno, 10))

self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.write, fileno, new_contents)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.read, fileno, 10)

def test_write_from_different_f_ds(self):
        # Regression test for #211
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        fd0 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.os.write(fd0, b"aaaa")
        self.os.write(fd1, b"bb")
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.path.getsize(file_path))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"bbaa")
        self.os.close(fd1)
        self.os.close(fd0)

def test_write_from_different_fds_with_append(self):
        # Regression test for #268
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        fd0 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_APPEND)
        self.os.write(fd0, b"aaa")
        self.os.write(fd1, b"bbb")
        self.assertEqual(6, self.os.path.getsize(file_path))
        self.check_contents(file_path, b"aaabbb")
        self.os.close(fd1)
        self.os.close(fd0)

def test_read_only_read_after_write(self):
        # Regression test for #269
        self.check_posix_only()
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path, contents=b"test")
        fd0 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT)
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fd0, 0))
        self.os.close(fd1)
        self.os.close(fd0)

def test_read_after_closing_write_descriptor(self):
        # Regression test for #271
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        fd0 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        fd2 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT)
        self.os.write(fd1, b"abc")
        self.os.close(fd0)
        self.assertEqual(b"abc", self.os.read(fd2, 3))
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)

def test_writing_behind_end_of_file(self):
        # Regression test for #273
        file_path = self.make_path("baz")
        fd1 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT)
        fd2 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.write(fd2, b"m")
        fd3 = self.os.open(file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fd2, 1))
        self.os.write(fd2, b"m")
        self.assertEqual(b"\x00m", self.os.read(fd1, 2))
        self.os.close(fd1)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd3)

def test_devnull_posix(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        # make sure os.devnull is correctly set after changing the filesystem
        self.setup_fake_fs()
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.devnull))

def test_devnull_windows(self):
        self.check_windows_only()
        # make sure os.devnull is correctly set after changing the filesystem
        self.setup_fake_fs()
        if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.os.devnull))
        else:
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(self.os.devnull))

def test_write_devnull(self):
        fd = self.os.open(self.os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
        self.assertEqual(4, self.os.write(fd, b"test"))
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fd, 4))
        self.os.close(fd)
        fd = self.os.open(self.os.devnull, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assertEqual(b"", self.os.read(fd, 4))
        self.os.close(fd)

def test_sendfile_with_invalid_fd(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.sendfile, 100, 101, 0, 100)
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EBADF, self.os.sendfile, fd2, fd1, 0, 4)

def test_sendfile_no_offset(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, 0, 3)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)
        with self.open(dst_file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("tes", f.read())

def test_sendfile_with_offset(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, 4, 4)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)
        with self.open(dst_file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("cont", f.read())

def test_sendfile_twice(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, 4, 4)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, 4, 4)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)
        with self.open(dst_file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("contcont", f.read())

def test_sendfile_offset_none(self):
        self.check_linux_only()
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, None, 4)
        self.os.sendfile(fd2, fd1, None, 3)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)
        with self.open(dst_file_path, encoding="utf8") as f:
            self.assertEqual("testcon", f.read())

@unittest.skipIf(not TestCase.is_macos, "Testing MacOs only behavior")
    def test_no_sendfile_to_regular_file_under_macos(self):
        src_file_path = self.make_path("foo")
        dst_file_path = self.make_path("bar")
        self.create_file(src_file_path, "testcontent")
        self.create_file(dst_file_path)
        fd1 = self.os.open(src_file_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        fd2 = self.os.open(dst_file_path, os.O_RDWR)
        # raises socket operation on non-socket
        self.assertRaises(OSError, self.os.sendfile, fd2, fd1, 0, 3)
        self.os.close(fd2)
        self.os.close(fd1)

class RealOsModuleLowLevelFileOpTest(FakeOsModuleLowLevelFileOpTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeOsModuleWalkTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def assertWalkResults(self, expected, top, topdown=True, followlinks=False):
        # as the result of walk is unsorted, we have to check against
        # sorted results
        result = list(
            step for step in self.os.walk(top, topdown=topdown, followlinks=followlinks)
        )
        result = sorted(result, key=lambda lst: lst[0])
        expected = sorted(expected, key=lambda lst: lst[0])
        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(result))
        for entry, expected_entry in zip(result, expected):
            self.assertEqual(expected_entry[0], entry[0])
            self.assertEqual(expected_entry[1], sorted(entry[1]))
            self.assertEqual(expected_entry[2], sorted(entry[2]))

def ResetErrno(self):
        """Reset the last seen errno."""
        self.last_errno = False

def StoreErrno(self, os_error):
        """Store the last errno we saw."""
        self.last_errno = os_error.errno

def GetErrno(self):
        """Return the last errno we saw."""
        return self.last_errno

def test_walk_top_down(self):
        """Walk down ordering is correct."""
        base_dir = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "1.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "2.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "baz", "3.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar2", "4.txt"))
        expected = [
            (base_dir, ["bar1", "bar2"], ["1.txt"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1"), ["baz"], ["2.txt"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "baz"), [], ["3.txt"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar2"), [], ["4.txt"]),
        ]
        self.assertWalkResults(expected, base_dir)

def test_walk_bottom_up(self):
        """Walk up ordering is correct."""
        base_dir = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "baz", "1.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "2.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar2", "3.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "4.txt"))

expected = [
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1", "baz"), [], ["1.txt"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar1"), ["baz"], ["2.txt"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar2"), [], ["3.txt"]),
            (base_dir, ["bar1", "bar2"], ["4.txt"]),
        ]
        self.assertWalkResults(expected, self.make_path("foo"), topdown=False)

def test_walk_raises_if_non_existent(self):
        """Raises an exception when attempting to walk
        non-existent directory."""
        directory = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.assertEqual(False, self.os.path.exists(directory))
        generator = self.os.walk(directory)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, generator)

def test_walk_raises_if_not_directory(self):
        """Raises an exception when attempting to walk a non-directory."""
        filename = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.create_file(filename)
        generator = self.os.walk(filename)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, generator)

def test_walk_calls_on_error_if_non_existent(self):
        """Calls onerror with correct errno when walking
        non-existent directory."""
        self.ResetErrno()
        directory = self.make_path("foo", "bar")
        self.assertEqual(False, self.os.path.exists(directory))
        # Calling os.walk on a non-existent directory should trigger
        # a call to the onerror method.
        # We do not actually care what, if anything, is returned.
        for _ in self.os.walk(directory, onerror=self.StoreErrno):
            pass
        self.assertTrue(self.GetErrno() in (errno.ENOTDIR, errno.ENOENT))

def test_walk_calls_on_error_if_not_directory(self):
        """Calls onerror with correct errno when walking non-directory."""
        self.ResetErrno()
        filename = self.make_path("foobar")
        self.create_file(filename)
        self.assertEqual(True, self.os.path.exists(filename))
        # Calling `os.walk` on a file should trigger a call to the
        # `onerror` method.
        # We do not actually care what, if anything, is returned.
        for _ in self.os.walk(filename, onerror=self.StoreErrno):
            pass
        self.assertTrue(self.GetErrno() in (errno.ENOTDIR, errno.EACCES))

def test_walk_skips_removed_directories(self):
        """Caller can modify list of directories to visit while walking."""
        root = self.make_path("foo")
        visit = "visit"
        no_visit = "no_visit"
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(root, "bar"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(root, visit, "1.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(root, visit, "2.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(root, no_visit, "3.txt"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(root, no_visit, "4.txt"))

generator = self.os.walk(self.make_path("foo"))
        root_contents = next(generator)
        root_contents[1].remove(no_visit)

visited_visit_directory = False

for root, _dirs, _files in iter(generator):
            self.assertEqual(False, root.endswith(self.os.path.sep + no_visit))
            if root.endswith(self.os.path.sep + visit):
                visited_visit_directory = True

self.assertEqual(True, visited_visit_directory)

def test_walk_followsymlink_disabled(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_dir = self.make_path("foo")
        link_dir = self.make_path("linked")
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(link_dir, "subfile"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "baz"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "xyzzy", "plugh"))
        self.create_symlink(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "created_link"), link_dir)

expected = [
            (base_dir, ["bar", "created_link"], []),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar"), ["xyzzy"], ["baz"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "xyzzy"), [], ["plugh"]),
        ]
        self.assertWalkResults(expected, base_dir, followlinks=False)

expected = [(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "created_link"), [], ["subfile"])]
        self.assertWalkResults(
            expected,
            self.os.path.join(base_dir, "created_link"),
            followlinks=False,
        )

def test_walk_followsymlink_enabled(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        base_dir = self.make_path("foo")
        link_dir = self.make_path("linked")
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(link_dir, "subfile"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "baz"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "xyzzy", "plugh"))
        self.create_symlink(
            self.os.path.join(base_dir, "created_link"),
            self.os.path.join(link_dir),
        )

expected = [
            (base_dir, ["bar", "created_link"], []),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar"), ["xyzzy"], ["baz"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "bar", "xyzzy"), [], ["plugh"]),
            (self.os.path.join(base_dir, "created_link"), [], ["subfile"]),
        ]
        self.assertWalkResults(expected, base_dir, followlinks=True)

def test_walk_linked_file_in_subdir(self):
        # regression test for #559 (tested for link on incomplete path)
        self.check_posix_only()
        # need to have a top-level link to reproduce the bug - skip real fs
        self.skip_real_fs()
        file_path = "/foo/bar/baz"
        self.create_file(file_path)
        self.create_symlink("bar", file_path)
        expected = [("/foo", ["bar"], []), ("/foo/bar", [], ["baz"])]
        self.assertWalkResults(expected, "/foo")

def test_base_dirpath(self):
        # regression test for #512
        file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        variants = [
            self.make_path("foo", "bar"),
            self.make_path("foo", "..", "foo", "bar"),
            self.make_path("foo", "..", "foo", "bar") + self.os.path.sep * 3,
            self.make_path("foo") + self.os.path.sep * 3 + "bar",
        ]
        for base_dir in variants:
            for dirpath, _dirnames, _filenames in self.os.walk(base_dir):
                self.assertEqual(dirpath, base_dir)

file_path = self.make_path("foo", "bar", "dir", "baz")
        self.create_file(file_path)
        for base_dir in variants:
            for dirpath, _dirnames, _filenames in self.os.walk(base_dir):
                self.assertTrue(dirpath.startswith(base_dir))

class RealOsModuleWalkTest(FakeOsModuleWalkTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeOsModuleDirFdTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.check_posix_only()
        if not self.use_real_fs():
            # in the real OS, we test the option as is, in the fake OS
            # we test both the supported and unsupported option
            self.os.supports_dir_fd.clear()
        self.dir_fd_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.create_dir(self.dir_fd_path)
        self.dir_fd = self.os.open(self.dir_fd_path, os.O_RDONLY)
        self.fname = "baz"
        self.fpath = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, self.fname)
        self.create_file(self.fpath)

def add_supported_function(self, fct):
        if not self.use_real_fs():
            self.os.supports_dir_fd.add(fct)

def test_access(self):
        def os_access():
            return self.os.access(self.fname, self.os.F_OK, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.access not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_access()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.access)
        if self.os.access in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            self.assertTrue(os_access())

def test_chmod(self):
        def os_chmod():
            self.os.chmod(self.fname, 0o6543, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.chmod not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_chmod()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.chmod)
        if self.os.chmod in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_chmod()
            st = self.os.stat(self.fpath)
            self.assert_mode_equal(0o6543, st.st_mode)

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "chown"), "chown not on all platforms available")
    def test_chown(self):
        def os_chown():
            self.os.chown(self.fname, 100, 101, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

self.skip_real_fs()
        if self.os.chown not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_chown()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.chown)
        os_chown()
        st = self.os.stat(self.fpath)
        self.assertEqual(100, st[stat.ST_UID])
        self.assertEqual(101, st[stat.ST_GID])

def test_link_src_fd(self):
        def os_link():
            self.os.link(self.fname, link_dest, src_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

link_dest = self.make_path("bat")
        if self.os.link not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_link()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.link)
        if self.os.link in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_link()
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_dest))

def test_link_dst_fd(self):
        def os_link():
            self.os.link(self.fpath, "bat", dst_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.link not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_link()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.link)
        if self.os.link in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_link()
            link_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "bat")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_symlink(self):
        def os_symlink():
            self.os.symlink(self.fpath, "bat", dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.symlink not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_symlink()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.symlink)
        if self.os.symlink in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_symlink()
            link_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "bat")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(link_path))

def test_readlink(self):
        def os_readlink():
            return self.os.readlink("lemon/tree", dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

link_dir = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "lemon")
        self.create_dir(link_dir)
        self.create_symlink(self.os.path.join(link_dir, "tree"), self.fpath)
        if self.os.readlink not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_readlink()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.readlink)
        if self.os.readlink in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            self.assertEqual(self.fpath, os_readlink())

def test_stat(self):
        def os_stat():
            return self.os.stat(self.fname, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.stat not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_stat()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.stat)
        if self.os.stat in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            self.assertEqual(os_stat().st_mode, 0o100644)

def test_lstat(self):
        st = self.os.lstat(self.fname, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)
        self.assertEqual(st.st_mode, 0o100644)

def test_mkdir(self):
        def os_mkdir():
            self.os.mkdir("newdir", dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

newdir_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "newdir")
        if self.os.mkdir not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_mkdir()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.mkdir)
        if self.os.mkdir in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_mkdir()
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(newdir_path))

def test_rmdir(self):
        def os_rmdir():
            self.os.rmdir("dir", dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

dir_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "dir")
        self.create_dir(dir_path)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        if self.os.rmdir not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_rmdir()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.rmdir)
        if self.os.rmdir in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_rmdir()
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "mknod"), "mknod not on all platforms available")
    def test_mknod(self):
        def os_mknod():
            self.os.mknod("newdir", dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.mknod not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_mknod()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.mknod)
        if self.os.mknod in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            if self.is_macos and sys.version_info >= (3, 13) and not is_root():
                self.skipTest("Needs root rights under macos")
            os_mknod()
            newdir_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "newdir")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(newdir_path))

def test_rename_src_fd(self):
        def os_rename():
            self.os.rename(self.fname, new_name, src_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

new_name = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "batz")
        if self.os.rename not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_rename()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.rename)
        if self.os.rename in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_rename()
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_name))

def test_rename_dst_fd(self):
        def os_rename():
            self.os.rename(self.fpath, "batz", dst_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.rename not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_rename()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.rename)
        if self.os.rename in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_rename()
            new_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "batz")
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))

def test_replace_src_fd(self):
        new_name = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "batz")
        self.os.replace(self.fname, new_name, src_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_name))

def test_replace_dst_fd(self):
        self.os.replace(self.fpath, "batz", dst_dir_fd=self.dir_fd)
        new_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_fd_path, "batz")
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(new_path))

def test_remove(self):
        self.os.remove(self.fname, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.fpath))

def test_unlink(self):
        def os_unlink():
            self.os.unlink(self.fname, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.unlink not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_unlink()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.unlink)
        if self.os.unlink in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_unlink()
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(self.fpath))

def test_utime(self):
        def os_utime():
            self.os.utime(self.fname, times=(1, 2), dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.utime not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_utime()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.utime)
        if self.os.utime in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            os_utime()
            st = self.os.stat(self.fpath)
            self.assertEqual(1, st.st_atime)
            self.assertEqual(2, st.st_mtime)

def test_open(self):
        def os_open():
            return self.os.open(self.fname, os.O_RDONLY, dir_fd=self.dir_fd)

if self.os.open not in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                os_open()
        self.add_supported_function(self.os.open)
        if self.os.open in self.os.supports_dir_fd:
            self.assertLess(0, os_open())

class RealOsModuleDirFdTest(FakeOsModuleDirFdTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class StatPropagationTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.filesystem = fake_filesystem.FakeFilesystem(path_separator="/")
        self.os = fake_os.FakeOsModule(self.filesystem)
        self.open = fake_open.FakeFileOpen(self.filesystem)

def test_file_size_updated_via_close(self):
        """test that file size gets updated via close()."""
        file_dir = "xyzzy"
        file_path = "xyzzy/close"
        content = "This is a test."
        self.os.mkdir(file_dir)
        fh = self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8")
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual("", self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.write(content)
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual("", self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.close()
        self.assertEqual(len(content), self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(content, self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)

def test_file_size_not_reset_after_close(self):
        file_dir = "xyzzy"
        file_path = "xyzzy/close"
        self.os.mkdir(file_dir)
        size = 1234
        # The file has size, but no content. When the file is opened for
        # reading, its size should be preserved.
        self.filesystem.create_file(file_path, st_size=size)
        fh = self.open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf8")
        fh.close()
        self.assertEqual(size, self.open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf8").size())

def test_file_size_after_write(self):
        file_path = "test_file"
        original_content = "abcdef"
        original_size = len(original_content)
        self.filesystem.create_file(file_path, contents=original_content)
        added_content = "foo bar"
        expected_size = original_size + len(added_content)
        fh = self.open(file_path, "a", encoding="utf8")
        fh.write(added_content)
        self.assertEqual(original_size, fh.size())
        fh.close()
        self.assertEqual(
            expected_size, self.open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf8").size()
        )

def test_large_file_size_after_write(self):
        file_path = "test_file"
        original_content = "abcdef"
        original_size = len(original_content)
        self.filesystem.create_file(file_path, st_size=original_size)
        added_content = "foo bar"
        fh = self.open(file_path, "a", encoding="utf8")
        self.assertRaises(
            fake_file.FakeLargeFileIoException,
            lambda: fh.write(added_content),
        )

def test_file_size_updated_via_flush(self):
        """test that file size gets updated via flush()."""
        file_dir = "xyzzy"
        file_name = "flush"
        file_path = self.os.path.join(file_dir, file_name)
        content = "This might be a test."
        self.os.mkdir(file_dir)
        fh = self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8")
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual("", self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.write(content)
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual("", self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.flush()
        self.assertEqual(len(content), self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(content, self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.close()
        self.assertEqual(len(content), self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(content, self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)

def test_file_size_truncation(self):
        """test that file size gets updated via open()."""
        file_dir = "xyzzy"
        file_path = "xyzzy/truncation"
        content = "AAA content."

# pre-create file with content
        self.os.mkdir(file_dir)
        fh = self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8")
        fh.write(content)
        fh.close()
        self.assertEqual(len(content), self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual(content, self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)

# test file truncation
        fh = self.open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf8")
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(file_path)[stat.ST_SIZE])
        self.assertEqual("", self.filesystem.get_object(file_path).contents)
        fh.close()

class FakeScandirTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    FILE_SIZE = 50
    LINKED_FILE_SIZE = 10

def used_scandir(self):
        return self.os.scandir

def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.supports_symlinks = not self.is_windows or not self.use_real_fs()
        self.scandir = self.used_scandir()

self.directory = self.make_path("xyzzy", "plugh")
        link_dir = self.make_path("linked", "plugh")
        self.linked_file_path = self.os.path.join(link_dir, "file")
        self.linked_dir_path = self.os.path.join(link_dir, "dir")
        self.rel_linked_dir_path = self.os.path.join(
            "..", "..", "linked", "plugh", "dir"
        )
        self.rel_linked_file_path = self.os.path.join(
            "..", "..", "linked", "plugh", "file"
        )
        self.dir_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "dir")
        self.file_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "file")
        self.file_link_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "link_file")
        self.dir_link_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "link_dir")
        self.file_rel_link_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "rel_link_file")
        self.dir_rel_link_path = self.os.path.join(self.directory, "rel_link_dir")

self.create_dir(self.dir_path)
        self.create_file(self.file_path, contents=b"b" * self.FILE_SIZE)
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.create_dir(self.linked_dir_path)
            self.create_file(
                self.linked_file_path, contents=b"a" * self.LINKED_FILE_SIZE
            )
            self.create_symlink(self.dir_link_path, self.linked_dir_path)
            self.create_symlink(self.file_link_path, self.linked_file_path)
            self.create_symlink(self.dir_rel_link_path, self.rel_linked_dir_path)
            self.create_symlink(self.file_rel_link_path, self.rel_linked_file_path)

# Changing the working directory below is to make sure relative paths
        # to the files and directories created above are reasonable.
        # Corner-cases about relative paths are better checked in tests created
        # for that purpose.
        #
        # WARNING: This is self.pretest_cwd and not self.cwd as the latter is
        # used by superclass RealFsTestCase.
        self.pretest_cwd = self.os.getcwd()
        self.os.chdir(self.base_path)

self.dir_entries = list(self.do_scandir())
        self.dir_entries.sort(key=lambda entry: entry.name)

def tearDown(self):
        self.os.chdir(self.pretest_cwd)
        super().tearDown()

def do_scandir(self):
        """Hook to override how scandir is called."""
        return self.scandir(self.directory)

def scandir_path(self):
        """Hook to override the expected scandir() path in DirEntry.path."""
        return self.directory

def test_paths(self):
        sorted_names = ["dir", "file"]
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            sorted_names.extend(
                ["link_dir", "link_file", "rel_link_dir", "rel_link_file"]
            )

self.assertEqual(len(sorted_names), len(self.dir_entries))
        self.assertEqual(sorted_names, [entry.name for entry in self.dir_entries])
        sorted_paths = [
            self.os.path.join(self.scandir_path(), name) for name in sorted_names
        ]
        self.assertEqual(sorted_paths, [entry.path for entry in self.dir_entries])

def test_isfile(self):
        self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[0].is_file())
        self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[1].is_file())
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[2].is_file())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[2].is_file(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[3].is_file())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[3].is_file(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[4].is_file())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[4].is_file(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[5].is_file())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[5].is_file(follow_symlinks=False))

def test_isdir(self):
        self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[0].is_dir())
        self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[1].is_dir())
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[2].is_dir())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[2].is_dir(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[3].is_dir())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[3].is_dir(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[4].is_dir())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[4].is_dir(follow_symlinks=False))
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[5].is_dir())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[5].is_dir(follow_symlinks=False))

def test_is_link(self):
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[0].is_symlink())
            self.assertFalse(self.dir_entries[1].is_symlink())
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[2].is_symlink())
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[3].is_symlink())
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[4].is_symlink())
            self.assertTrue(self.dir_entries[5].is_symlink())

def test_path_links_not_resolved(self):
        # regression test for #350
        skip_if_symlink_not_supported()
        dir_path = self.make_path("A", "B", "C")
        self.os.makedirs(self.os.path.join(dir_path, "D"))
        link_path = self.make_path("A", "C")
        self.os.symlink(dir_path, link_path)
        self.assertEqual(
            [self.os.path.join(link_path, "D")],
            [f.path for f in self.scandir(link_path)],
        )

def test_inode(self):
        if self.use_real_fs():
            if self.is_windows:
                self.skipTest("inode seems not to work in scandir module under Windows")
            if IN_DOCKER:
                self.skipTest("inode seems not to work in a Docker container")
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.stat(self.dir_path).st_ino, self.dir_entries[0].inode()
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.stat(self.file_path).st_ino, self.dir_entries[1].inode()
        )
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.lstat(self.dir_link_path).st_ino,
                self.dir_entries[2].inode(),
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.lstat(self.file_link_path).st_ino,
                self.dir_entries[3].inode(),
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.lstat(self.dir_rel_link_path).st_ino,
                self.dir_entries[4].inode(),
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.lstat(self.file_rel_link_path).st_ino,
                self.dir_entries[5].inode(),
            )

def test_scandir_none(self):
        result1 = [entry.path for entry in self.scandir(None)]
        result2 = [entry.path for entry in self.scandir(".")]
        self.assertEqual(result1, result2)

def test_scandir_stat_nlink(self):
        # regression test for #350
        stat_nlink = self.os.stat(self.file_path).st_nlink
        self.assertEqual(1, stat_nlink)
        dir_iter = self.scandir(self.directory)
        for item in dir_iter:
            if item.path == self.file_path:
                scandir_stat_nlink = item.stat().st_nlink
                if self.is_windows_fs:
                    self.assertEqual(0, scandir_stat_nlink)
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(1, scandir_stat_nlink)
                self.assertEqual(1, self.os.stat(self.file_path).st_nlink)

@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, "O_DIRECTORY"), "opening directory not supported")
    def test_scandir_with_fd(self):
        # regression test for #723
        temp_dir = self.make_path("tmp", "dir")
        self.create_dir(temp_dir)
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(temp_dir, "file1"))
        self.create_file(self.os.path.join(temp_dir, "file2"))
        self.create_dir(self.os.path.join(temp_dir, "subdir"))
        self.os.chdir(temp_dir)
        fd = self.os.open(temp_dir, flags=os.O_RDONLY | os.O_DIRECTORY)
        children = [dir_entry.name for dir_entry in self.os.scandir(fd)]
        assert sorted(children) == ["file1", "file2", "subdir"]

def test_file_removed_during_scandir(self):
        # regression test for #1051
        dir_path = self.make_path("wls")
        file1_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "1.log")
        self.create_file(file1_path)
        file2_path = self.os.path.join(dir_path, "2.log")
        self.create_file(file2_path)
        with self.os.scandir(dir_path) as it:
            for entry in it:
                if entry.is_file():
                    self.os.remove(entry.path)
        assert not self.os.path.exists(file1_path)
        assert not self.os.path.exists(file2_path)

def check_stat(
        self, absolute_symlink_expected_size, relative_symlink_expected_size
    ):
        self.assertEqual(self.FILE_SIZE, self.dir_entries[1].stat().st_size)
        if not self.is_windows_fs or sys.version_info < (3, 12):
            # behavior of st_ctime changed in 3.12, to be adapted later
            self.assertEqual(
                int(self.os.stat(self.dir_path).st_ctime),
                int(self.dir_entries[0].stat().st_ctime),
            )

if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertEqual(self.LINKED_FILE_SIZE, self.dir_entries[3].stat().st_size)
            self.assertEqual(
                absolute_symlink_expected_size,
                self.dir_entries[3].stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size,
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                int(self.os.stat(self.linked_dir_path).st_mtime),
                int(self.dir_entries[2].stat().st_mtime),
            )
            self.assertEqual(self.LINKED_FILE_SIZE, self.dir_entries[5].stat().st_size)
            self.assertEqual(
                relative_symlink_expected_size,
                self.dir_entries[5].stat(follow_symlinks=False).st_size,
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                int(self.os.stat(self.linked_dir_path).st_mtime),
                int(self.dir_entries[4].stat().st_mtime),
            )

@unittest.skipIf(TestCase.is_windows, "POSIX specific behavior")
    def test_stat_posix(self):
        self.check_stat(len(self.linked_file_path), len(self.rel_linked_file_path))

@unittest.skipIf(not TestCase.is_windows, "Windows specific behavior")
    def test_stat_windows(self):
        self.check_stat(0, 0)

def test_index_access_to_stat_times_returns_int(self):
        if not self.is_windows_fs or sys.version_info < (3, 12):
            # behavior of st_ctime changed in 3.12, to be adapted later
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.stat(self.dir_path)[stat.ST_CTIME],
                int(self.dir_entries[0].stat().st_ctime),
            )
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.stat(self.linked_dir_path)[stat.ST_MTIME],
                int(self.dir_entries[2].stat().st_mtime),
            )
            self.assertEqual(
                self.os.stat(self.linked_dir_path)[stat.ST_MTIME],
                int(self.dir_entries[4].stat().st_mtime),
            )

def test_stat_ino_dev(self):
        if self.supports_symlinks:
            file_stat = self.os.stat(self.linked_file_path)
            self.assertEqual(file_stat.st_ino, self.dir_entries[3].stat().st_ino)
            self.assertEqual(file_stat.st_dev, self.dir_entries[3].stat().st_dev)
            self.assertEqual(file_stat.st_ino, self.dir_entries[5].stat().st_ino)
            self.assertEqual(file_stat.st_dev, self.dir_entries[5].stat().st_dev)

def test_path_like(self):
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.dir_entries[0], os.PathLike))
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.path.join(self.scandir_path(), "dir"),
            os.fspath(self.dir_entries[0]),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            self.os.path.join(self.scandir_path(), "file"),
            os.fspath(self.dir_entries[1]),
        )

def test_non_existing_dir(self):
        # behaves differently in different systems, so we skip the real fs test
        self.skip_real_fs()
        self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.ENOENT, self.scandir, "non_existing/fake_dir")

class RealScandirTest(FakeScandirTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeScandirRelTest(FakeScandirTest):
    def scandir_path(self):
        # When scandir is called with a relative path, that relative path is
        # used in the path attribute of the DirEntry objects.
        return self.os.path.relpath(self.directory)

def do_scandir(self):
        return self.scandir(self.os.path.relpath(self.directory))

class RealScandirRelTest(FakeScandirRelTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

@unittest.skipIf(TestCase.is_windows, "dir_fd not supported for os.scandir in Windows")
class FakeScandirFdTest(FakeScandirTest):
    def tearDown(self):
        self.os.close(self.dir_fd)
        super().tearDown()

def scandir_path(self):
        # When scandir is called with a filedescriptor, only the name of the
        # entry is returned in the path attribute of the DirEntry objects.
        return ""

def do_scandir(self):
        self.dir_fd = self.os.open(self.directory, os.O_RDONLY)
        return self.scandir(self.dir_fd)

class RealScandirFdTest(FakeScandirFdTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeScandirFdRelTest(FakeScandirFdTest):
    def do_scandir(self):
        self.dir_fd = self.os.open(self.os.path.relpath(self.directory), os.O_RDONLY)
        return self.scandir(self.dir_fd)

class RealScandirFdRelTest(FakeScandirFdRelTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

class FakeExtendedAttributeTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.check_linux_only()
        self.dir_path = self.make_path("foo")
        self.file_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_path, "bar")
        self.create_file(self.file_path)

def test_empty_xattr(self):
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listxattr(self.dir_path))
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listxattr(self.file_path))

def test_getxattr_raises_for_non_existing_file(self):
        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
            self.os.getxattr("bogus_path", "test")

def test_getxattr_raises_for_non_existing_attribute(self):
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.getxattr(self.file_path, "bogus")
        self.assertEqual(errno.ENODATA, cm.exception.errno)

def test_setxattr(self):
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            self.os.setxattr(self.file_path, "test", "value")
        with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
            self.os.setxattr(self.file_path, "test", b"value", self.os.XATTR_REPLACE)
        self.os.setxattr(self.file_path, "test", b"value")
        self.assertEqual(b"value", self.os.getxattr(self.file_path, "test"))
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.setxattr(self.file_path, "test", b"value", self.os.XATTR_CREATE)
        self.assertEqual(errno.ENODATA, cm.exception.errno)

def test_removeattr(self):
        self.os.removexattr(self.file_path, "test")
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listxattr(self.file_path))
        self.os.setxattr(self.file_path, b"test", b"value")
        self.assertEqual(["test"], self.os.listxattr(self.file_path))
        self.assertEqual(b"value", self.os.getxattr(self.file_path, "test"))
        self.os.removexattr(self.file_path, "test")
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listxattr(self.file_path))
        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
            self.os.getxattr(self.file_path, "test")
        self.assertEqual(errno.ENODATA, cm.exception.errno)

def test_default_path(self):
        self.os.chdir(self.dir_path)
        self.os.setxattr(self.dir_path, b"test", b"value")
        self.assertEqual(["test"], self.os.listxattr())
        self.assertEqual(b"value", self.os.getxattr(self.dir_path, "test"))

class FakeOsUnreadableDirTest(FakeOsModuleTestBase):
    def setUp(self):
        if self.use_real_fs():
            # unreadable dirs in Windows are only simulated
            # and cannot be created in the real OS using file system
            # functions only
            self.check_posix_only()
        super().setUp()
        self.dir_path = self.make_path("some_dir")
        self.file_path = self.os.path.join(self.dir_path, "some_file")
        self.create_file(self.file_path)
        self.chmod(self.dir_path, 0o000)

def chmod(self, path, mode):
        if self.is_windows_fs:
            self.filesystem.chmod(path, mode, force_unix_mode=True)
        else:
            self.os.chmod(path, mode)

def test_getuid(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        self.check_posix_only()
        uid = self.os.getuid()
        set_uid(uid + 10)
        self.assertEqual(uid + 10, self.os.getuid())
        self.assertEqual(uid + 10, get_uid())
        reset_ids()
        self.assertEqual(uid, self.os.getuid())

def test_getgid(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change group in real fs
        self.check_posix_only()
        gid = self.os.getgid()
        set_gid(gid + 10)
        self.assertEqual(gid + 10, self.os.getgid())
        self.assertEqual(gid + 10, get_gid())
        reset_ids()
        self.assertEqual(gid, self.os.getgid())

def test_listdir_unreadable_dir(self):
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.listdir, self.dir_path)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(["some_file"], self.os.listdir(self.dir_path))

def test_listdir_user_readable_dir(self):
        self.chmod(self.dir_path, 0o600)
        self.assertEqual(["some_file"], self.os.listdir(self.dir_path))
        self.chmod(self.dir_path, 0o000)

def test_listdir_user_readable_dir_from_other_user(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        self.check_posix_only()
        user_id = get_uid()
        set_uid(user_id + 1)
        dir_path = "/dir1"
        self.create_dir(dir_path, perm=0o600)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        reset_ids()
        if not is_root():
            with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
                self.os.listdir(dir_path)
        else:
            self.assertEqual([], self.os.listdir(dir_path))

def test_listdir_group_readable_dir_from_other_user(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        self.check_posix_only()
        set_uid(get_uid() + 1)
        dir_path = "/dir1"
        self.create_dir(dir_path, perm=0o660)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        reset_ids()
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listdir(dir_path))

def test_listdir_group_readable_dir_from_other_group(self):
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        self.check_posix_only()
        group_id = self.os.getgid()
        set_gid(group_id + 1)
        dir_path = "/dir1"
        self.create_dir(dir_path, perm=0o060)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        set_gid(group_id)
        if not is_root():
            with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
                self.os.listdir(dir_path)
        else:
            self.assertEqual([], self.os.listdir(dir_path))

def test_listdir_other_readable_dir_from_other_group(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir1")
        self.create_dir(dir_path, 0o004)
        set_uid(get_uid() + 1)
        set_gid(get_gid() + 1)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.assertEqual([], self.os.listdir(dir_path))
        reset_ids()

def test_stat_unreadable_dir(self):
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(self.dir_path).st_mode & 0o666)

def test_chmod_unreadable_dir(self):
        self.chmod(self.dir_path, 0o666)
        self.assertEqual(0o666, self.os.stat(self.dir_path).st_mode & 0o666)
        self.chmod(self.dir_path, 0o000)
        self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(self.dir_path).st_mode & 0o666)

def test_stat_file_in_unreadable_dir(self):
        if not is_root():
            self.assert_raises_os_error(errno.EACCES, self.os.stat, self.file_path)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(0, self.os.stat(self.file_path).st_size)

def test_remove_unreadable_dir(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        dir_path = self.make_path("dir1")
        self.create_dir(dir_path, perm=0o000)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        self.os.rmdir(dir_path)
        self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

def test_remove_unreadable_dir_from_other_user(self):
        self.check_posix_only()
        self.skip_real_fs()  # won't change user in real fs
        set_uid(get_uid() + 1)
        dir_path = "/dir1"
        self.create_dir(dir_path, perm=0o000)
        self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        reset_ids()
        if not is_root():
            with self.assertRaises(PermissionError):
                self.os.rmdir(dir_path)
            self.assertTrue(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))
        else:
            self.os.rmdir(dir_path)
            self.assertFalse(self.os.path.exists(dir_path))

class RealOsUnreadableDirTest(FakeOsUnreadableDirTest):
    def use_real_fs(self):
        return True

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