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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Animals\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... ant = 1) Tj T* (... bee = 2) Tj T* (... cat = 3) Tj T* (... dog = 4) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Shape\(IntEnum\):) Tj T* (... circle = 1) Tj T* (... square = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... red = 1) Tj T* (... green = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Shape.circle == Color.red) Tj T* (False) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (IntEnum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( values behave like integers in other ways you'd expect:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (It is also possible to name the combinations:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.100542 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Another important difference between ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (IntFlag) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( and ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( is that if no flags are set \(the value is 0\), its) Tj T* 0 Tw (boolean evaluation is ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 453.4236 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Perm.R ) Tj (&) Tj ( Perm.X) Tj T* (<) Tj (Perm: 0) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( bool\(Perm.R ) Tj (&) Tj ( Perm.X\)) Tj T* (False) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Because ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (IntFlag) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( members are also subclasses of ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (int) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( they can be combined with them:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Perm.X | 4) Tj T* (<) Tj (Perm.R|X: 5) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .87832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For those rare cases when you need to create your ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( in pieces, you can use ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (extend_enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( to add) Tj T* 0 Tw (new members after the initial creation \(the new member is returned\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (OrderedDict\([) Tj T* ( \('red', ) Tj (<) Tj (Color.red: 1) Tj (>) Tj (\),) Tj T* ( \('green', ) Tj (<) Tj (Color.green: 2) Tj (>) Tj (\),) Tj T* ( \('blue', ) Tj (<) Tj (Color.blue: 3) Tj (>) Tj (\),) Tj T* ( \('opacity', ) Tj (<) Tj (Color.opacity: 4) Tj (>) Tj (\)) Tj T* ( ]\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (constant) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you need to have some constant value in your ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( that isn't a member, use ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (constant) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 290 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from aenum import constant) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Planet\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... MERCURY = \(3.303e+23, 2.4397e6\)) Tj T* (... EARTH = \(5.976e+24, 6.37814e6\)) Tj T* (... JUPITER = \(1.9e+27, 7.1492e7\)) Tj T* (... URANUS = \(8.686e+25, 2.5559e7\)) Tj T* (... G = constant\(6.67300E-11\)) Tj T* (... def __init__\(self, mass, radius\):) Tj T* (... self.mass = mass # in kilograms) Tj T* (... self.radius = radius # in meters) Tj T* (... @property) Tj T* (... def surface_gravity\(self\):) Tj T* (... # universal gravitational constant \(m3 kg-1 s-2\)) Tj T* (... return self.G * self.mass / \(self.radius * self.radius\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.EARTH.value) Tj T* (\(5.976e+24, 6378140.0\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.EARTH.surface_gravity) Tj T* (9.802652743337129) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.G) Tj T* (6.673e-11) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.G = 9) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (AttributeError: Planet: cannot rebind constant 'G') Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you need a standard attribute that is not converted into an ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( member, use ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (skip) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from aenum import skip) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... red = 1) Tj T* (... green = 2) Tj T* (... blue = 3) Tj T* (... opacity = skip\(0.45\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.opacity) Tj T* (0.45) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.opacity = 0.77) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.opacity) Tj T* (0.77) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.396235 Tw 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( can be used to turn on auto-numbering \(useful for when you don't care which numbers are) Tj T* 0 Tw (assigned as long as they are consistent and in order\) The Python 3 version can look like this:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum, start=1\): # doctest: +SKIP) Tj T* (... red, green, blue) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.blue: 3) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (This can also be done in Python 2, albeit not as elegantly \(this also works in Python 3\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(Enum\): # doctest: +SKIP) Tj T* (... _start_ = 1) Tj T* (... red = auto\(\)) Tj T* (... green = auto\(\)) Tj T* (... blue = auto\(\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.blue) Tj T* (<) Tj (Color.blue: 3) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you need an ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (__init__) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( method that does nothing besides save its arguments, ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (init) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( is for you:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Planet\(Enum, init='mass radius'\): # doctest: +SKIP) Tj T* (... MERCURY = \(3.303e+23, 2.4397e6\)) Tj T* (... EARTH = \(5.976e+24, 6.37814e6\)) Tj T* (... JUPITER = \(1.9e+27, 7.1492e7\)) Tj T* (... URANUS = \(8.686e+25, 2.5559e7\)) Tj T* (... G = constant\(6.67300E-11\)) Tj T* (... @property) Tj T* (... def surface_gravity\(self\):) Tj T* (... # universal gravitational constant \(m3 kg-1 s-2\)) Tj T* (... return self.G * self.mass / \(self.radius * self.radius\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.JUPITER.value) Tj T* (\(1.9e+27, 71492000.0\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Planet.JUPITER.mass) Tj T* (1.9e+27) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 Tm /F4 12.5 Tf 15 TL (Note) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 16 16 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm -0.115512 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Just as with ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (start) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( above, in Python 2 you must put the keyword as a _sunder_ in the class body --) Tj T* 0 Tw /F2 10 Tf (_init_) Tj ( ) Tj (=) Tj ( ) Tj ('mass) Tj ( ) Tj (radius') Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (init and missing values) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .692485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (_init_) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( calls for values that are not supplied, ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (_generate_next_value_) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( will be called in an effort to) Tj T* 0 Tw (generate them. Here is an example in Python 2:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 338 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( from aenum import Enum) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class SelectionEnum\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... _init_ = 'db user') Tj T* (... def __new__\(cls, *args, **kwds\):) Tj T* (... count = len\(cls.__members__\)) Tj T* (... obj = object.__new__\(cls\)) Tj T* (... obj._count = count) Tj T* (... obj._value_ = args) Tj T* (... return obj) Tj T* (... @staticmethod) Tj T* (... def _generate_next_value_\(name, start, count, values, *args, **kwds\):) Tj T* (... return \(name, \) + args) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class NotificationType\(SelectionEnum\):) Tj T* (... # usually, name is the same as db) Tj T* (... # but not for blanks) Tj T* (... blank = '', '') Tj T* (... C = 'Catalog') Tj T* (... S = 'Sheet') Tj T* (... B = 'Both') Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( NotificationType.blank) Tj T* (<) Tj (NotificationType.blank: \('', ''\)) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( NotificationType.B) Tj T* (<) Tj (NotificationType.B: \('B', 'Both'\)) Tj (>) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( NotificationType.B.db) Tj T* ('B') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( NotificationType.B.user) Tj T* ('Both') Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (combining Flag with other data types) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.173735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Flag does support being combined with other data types. To support this you need to provide a) Tj T* 0 Tw .111647 Tw /F2 10 Tf (_create_pseudo_member_values_) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( method which will be called with the members in a composite flag.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You may also need to provide a custom ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (__new__) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( method:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 218 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class AnsiFlag\(str, Flag\):) Tj T* (... def __new__\(cls, value, code\):) Tj T* (... str_value = '\\x1b[%sm' % code) Tj T* (... obj = str.__new__\(cls, str_value\)) Tj T* (... obj._value_ = value) Tj T* (... obj.code = code) Tj T* (... return obj) Tj T* (... @classmethod) Tj T* (... def _create_pseudo_member_values_\(cls, members, *values\):) Tj T* (... code = ';'.join\(m.code for m in members\)) Tj T* (... return values + \(code, \)) Tj T* (... _order_ = 'FG_Red FG_Green BG_Magenta BG_White') Tj T* (... FG_Red = '31' # ESC [ 31 m # red) Tj T* (... FG_Green = '32' # ESC [ 32 m # green) Tj T* (... BG_Magenta = '45' # ESC [ 35 m # magenta) Tj T* (... BG_White = '47' # ESC [ 37 m # white) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( color = AnsiFlag.BG_White | AnsiFlag.FG_Red) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( repr\(color\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (') Tj (<) Tj (AnsiFlag.FG_Red|BG_White: 9) Tj (>) Tj (') Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( str.__repr__\(color\)) Tj T* ("'\\\\x1b[31;47m'") Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 6 57 Tm T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 Tm /F4 12.5 Tf 15 TL (Note) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 16 16 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .360814 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you do not provide your own ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (_create_pseudo_member_values_) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( the flags may still combine,) Tj T* 0 Tw (but may be missing functionality.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Decorators) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (unique) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .872706 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (class) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( decorator specifically for enumerations. It searches an enumeration's ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (__members__) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( gathering) Tj T* 0 Tw (any aliases it finds; if any are found ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (ValueError) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( is raised with the details:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( @unique) Tj T* (... class NoDupes\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... first = 'one') Tj T* (... second = 'two') Tj T* (... third = 'two') Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (ValueError: duplicate names found in ) Tj (<) Tj (aenum 'NoDupes') Tj (>) Tj (: third -) Tj (>) Tj ( second) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Interesting examples) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .996235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (While ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (Enum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( and ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (IntEnum) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( are expected to cover the majority of use-cases, they cannot cover them all.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.256457 Tw (Here are recipes for some different types of enumerations that can be used directly \(the first three are) Tj T* 0 Tw (included in the module\), or as examples for creating one's own.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3 Tm 18 TL /F3 15 Tf 0 0 0 rg (AutoNumber) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Avoids having to specify the value for each enumeration member:) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class AutoNumber\(Enum\):) Tj T* (... def __new__\(cls\):) Tj T* (... value = len\(cls.__members__\) + 1) Tj T* (... obj = object.__new__\(cls\)) Tj T* (... obj._value_ = value) Tj T* (... return obj) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Color\(AutoNumber\):) Tj T* (... _order_ = "red green blue" # only needed in 2.x) Tj T* (... red = \(\)) Tj T* (... green = \(\)) Tj T* (... blue = \(\)) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color.green.value == 2) Tj T* (True) Tj T* ET
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 707.8236 cm
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1 0 0 1 62.69291 600.8236 cm
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n 0 107 469.8898 -107 re f*
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BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
BT 1 0 0 1 6 81 Tm T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2.5 Tm /F4 12.5 Tf 15 TL (Note) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( b4 = Book\('Hidden Empire'\)) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (TypeError: values not provided for field\(s\): author, genre) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( b5 = Book\(genre='business'\)) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (TypeError: values not provided for field\(s\): title, author) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Book\(NamedTuple\):) Tj T* (... title = 0) Tj T* (... author = 1) Tj T* (... genre = 2) Tj T* (...) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 146 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( class Person\(NamedTuple\):) Tj T* (... _size_ = TupleSize.variable) Tj T* (... first = 0) Tj T* (... last = 1) Tj T* (...) Tj T* T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Person\('Ethan'\)) Tj T* (Person\('Ethan'\)) Tj T* T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Person\(last='Furman'\)) Tj T* (Traceback \(most recent call last\):) Tj T* (...) Tj T* (TypeError: values not provided for field\(s\): first) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Point = NamedTuple\('Point', 'x y'\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Color = NamedTuple\('Color', 'r g b'\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Pixel = NamedTuple\('Pixel', Point+Color, module=__name__\)) Tj T* (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj ( Pixel) Tj T* (<) Tj (NamedTuple 'Pixel') Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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